Listeria monocytogenes life cycle
Life on the inside: the intracellular lifestyle of cytosolic bacteria
Nature Reviews Microbiology volume7,pages 333340 (2009)Cite this article Show
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AbstractBacterial pathogens exploit a huge range of niches within their hosts. Many pathogens can invade non-phagocytic cells and survive within a membrane-bound compartment. However, only a small number of bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis and Rickettsia spp., can gain access to and proliferate within the host cell cytosol. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which these cytosolic pathogens escape into the cytosol, obtain nutrients to replicate and subvert host immune responses. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content Access options Access through your institution Access through your institution Change institution Buy or subscribe Subscribe to Journal Get full journal access for 1 year 92,52 only 7,71 per issue Subscribe All prices are NET prices. Rent or Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. from$8.99 Rent or Buy All prices are NET prices. Additional access options:
Figure 1: The intracellular lifestyle of cytosolic pathogens. Figure 2: Intracellular replication of bacteria within the cytosol of mammalian cells. Figure 3: Interaction of cytosolic bacteria with the autophagic pathway. References
Download references AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the European Initiative for Basic Research in Microbiology and Infectious Diseases grant D005-P09205 funded by the Commission of the European Communities (to K.R.) and by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (to B.M.). Author informationAffiliations
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Corresponding authorCorrespondence to Christoph M. Tang. Related linksRelated linksDATABASESEntrez Genome ProjectBacillus subtilis Burkholderia pseudomallei Drosophila melanogaster Escherichia coli Francisella tularensis Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium marinum Neisseria meningitidis Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia prowazekii Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium Shigella flexneri Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis FURTHER INFORMATIONChristoph M. Tang's homepage GlossaryTrigger mechanism A mechanism used by bacteria, such as the genera Shigella and Salmonella, to enter cells. Bacteria interact directly with the eukaryotic cell cytoskeleton by injecting bacterial effectors through a dedicated secretion system. These effectors cause massive cytoskeletal rearrangements to engulf the bacterium in an entry vacuole. Zipper mechanismA mechanism used by bacteria, such as the genera Yersinia or Listeria, to enter cells. Bacteria contact and adhere to the eukaryotic cell through the binding of a bacterial surface protein to a eukaryotic surface receptor, often a transmembrane cell-adhesion protein. Modest membrane extensions and cytoskeletal rearrangements engulf the bacterium in an entry vacuole. VacuoleA single-membrane organelle within the cell cytosol that encloses a fluid-filled compartment. PhagolysosomeA membrane-enclosed organelle formed by the fusion of a lysosome, which is an organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes, and a phagosome, which is a membranous vacuole formed around a particle. LysosomeA membrane-bound organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes. MicrobicidalAn activity that is lethal for microorganisms. Listeriolysin O(LLO). A thiol-activated cholesterol-dependent pore-forming toxin produced by Listeria monocytogenes. The production of LLO is essential for escape of the bacterium from the vacuole into the cytosol during invasion, and therefore LLO is a key virulence factor. Type C phospholipaseA subclass of enzymes that cleave the polar head group of phosphoinositides between the glycerol and phosphate moieties. Thiol reductaseAn enzyme that catalyses disulphide bond reduction. Type III secretion systemA secretion apparatus of Gram-negative bacteria that allows bacterial effector proteins to be delivered directly into the eukaryotic cell cytosol through a bacterial molecular needle complex. OxidoreductaseA class of enzymes that catalyse oxidoreduction reactions which transfer electrons from a hydrogen donor to a hydrogen acceptor. Disulphide bondA single covalent bond formed from the coupling of two thiol groups, the functional group of which is composed of a sulphur and a hydrogen atom. GlutathioneA tripeptide that acts as an antioxidant and electron donor in the cell cytosol by reducing disulphide bonds formed between cysteines of cytoplasmic proteins. FerritinA globular protein that consists of 24 subunits and is the main intracellular iron storage protein in eukaryotes. AuxotrophicThe state of an organism when it is unable to synthesize a particular organic compound required for growth. DiaminopimelateThe ionic form of the amino acid diaminopimelic acid, which is a compound found in the peptidoglycan of bacteria. Oxygen tensionThe partial pressure of oxygen. ComplementA crucial part of the innate immune system that consists of enzyme cascades which lead to bacterial lysis and promote phagocytosis. Antimicrobial peptideA conserved component of the innate immune system that consists of polypeptides, with fewer than 100 amino acid residues, that have the ability to kill microorganisms. Pathogen-associated molecular patternA small molecular motif that is consistently found on pathogens and is recognized as a non-self molecule by a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Nod-like receptorOne of a family of proteins that serve as pattern recognition receptors, in that they sense microbial motifs in the cell cytoplasm. AutophagyA degradative pathway by which cytosolic content, organelles and pathogens are delivered to lysosomes as part of cellular homeostasis and innate immunity. Rights and permissionsReprints and Permissions About this articleCite this articleRay, K., Marteyn, B., Sansonetti, P. et al. Life on the inside: the intracellular lifestyle of cytosolic bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 7, 333340 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2112 Download citation
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