What are 4 Great Society programs?

Abstract

The collection of legislative actions proposed and negotiated by Johnson included many different programs. The goals, objectives and implementation strategies were not clearly defined. Over the past thirty years, the success and/or failure of these programs has been discussed with no consensus emerging. The historical record of expenditures both as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of federal outlays, however, reveals a lasting impact of the "Great Society" legislation.

Journal Information

For over sixty-five years, the Review of Social Economy has published high-quality peer-reviewed work on the many relationships between social values and economics.   The field of social economics discusses how the economy and social justice relate, and what this implies for economic theory and policy. Papers published range from conceptual work on aligning economic institutions and policies with given ethical principles, to theoretical representations of individual behaviour that allow for both self-interested and 'pro-social' motives, and to original empirical work on persistent social issues such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination.   In promoting discourse on social-economic themes, and unifying and invigorating scholarship around them, the journal is centrally concerned with these core research areas. The Review is a journal specialized in and a premier outlet for scholarly research at the intersection of social values and economics, and encourages researchers engaged in high-quality work in these areas. Implications for social programs and policies may be discussed in regular articles or in a Speakers' Corner contribution.   The Review provides a platform for established social-economics research, but also for research from other branches of economics and the social sciences, when the goal of developing better understandings of the role of social values in economic life is pursued.  

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Building on two centuries' experience, Taylor & Francis has grown rapidlyover the last two decades to become a leading international academic publisher.The Group publishes over 800 journals and over 1,800 new books each year, coveringa wide variety of subject areas and incorporating the journal imprints of Routledge,Carfax, Spon Press, Psychology Press, Martin Dunitz, and Taylor & Francis.Taylor & Francis is fully committed to the publication and dissemination of scholarly information of the highest quality, and today this remains the primary goal.

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Fifty years ago today, Johnson claimed, “with your courage and with your compassion and your desire, we will build a Great Society... where no child will go unfed, and no youngster will go unschooled.”

Right through 1968, a long series of major legislative changes followed in civil rights, health, education, housing and development, transit, Social Security, and cash and near-cash assistance programs like food stamps. Almost immediately, they came under fire as Nixon tried to kill off most of the new spending programs. Then under Reagan and Clinton, many programs were devolved to the states, where some of them withered away.

The most durable of the innovations were in education and health. Public education investments give people the tools to become financially secure by providing free education through high school and offering extensive support for higher education. It is hard to remember today that in 1940, half of Americans had no more than an 8th-grade education, and 1 in 20 had completed college.

Of the Great Society initiatives, Social Security enhancements and health insurance cost the most. Medicare and Medicaid continue to eat up a larger share of the federal budget every year, while other Great Society programs have mostly stayed small. The outsized spending on older Americans has contributed to a gradual shift in poverty away from the old and into younger age groups.

A few programs were deemed failures and shut down, like Model Cities, though some of those supposed failures look better through the long lens of history. The majority of the programs have been deemed successful however, even much reviled programs like Job Corps, which garners $2 of benefits for society for every dollar spent.

No Great Society program has continued unchanged since 1968. This is perhaps best exemplified by food stamps, a program that mushroomed in size in the 2000s as it was called on to replace shrinking cash welfare programs. (For more on the recent evolution of such programs, see the Safety Net Almanac.)

Because the Great Society and the War on Poverty began with such grandiose aims—and so quickly met stern political opposition and legislative and executive evisceration—it is hard to evaluate the programs as succeeding or failing. True, its lofty aims have not been achieved, but remarkable progress has been made on thorny issues—and these embattled programs have played an important role in that progress.  

See also:

The Moynihan Report Revisited [PDF]

Black Families Five Decades After the Moynihan Report [video]

Photo by AP

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