What are the 6 universal ethical standards?

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PSY 311U: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Moral Development: Cognitive-Developmental Approach
Kohlberg's Method:
Moral Development Levels:
Moral Development:
Moral Development (Cont):
Preconventional Morality: Stages 1 & 2
Stage 1 Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation
Stage 1 Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation (Cont):
Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation
Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation (Cont):
Conventional Morality: Stages 3 & 4
Conventional Morality (Cont): Stages 3 & 4
Stage 3 Morality: Good Boy/Nice Girl Orientation
Stage 4 Morality: Law-and-Order Orientation
Stage 4 Morality (Cont): Law-and-Order Orientation
Postconventional (Principled) Morality: STAGES 5 & 6
Stage 5 Morality:Social Contract Orientation
Stage 5 Morality (Cont): Social Contract Orientation
Stage 6 Morality: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
Stage 6 Morality (Cont): Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
What are the 6 ethical standards?
What are the universal ethics of standards?
What are the 5 ethical standards?
What are the 7 ethical principles in ethics?

Portland State University , Department of Psychology

PSY 311U: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Lecture 15

Moral Development: Cognitive-Developmental Approach

Lawrence Kohlberg
Used philosophy in order to define what is moral
Morality is a philosophical (ethical), rather than a behavioral, concept

Justice:

The most essential structure of morality
Justice = Equality
Justice is not a RULE
Justice is a MORAL PRINCIPLE
Gilligan: CARE

Kohlberg's Method:

Uses Piaget's approach
Confronts person with moral dilemma in the form of a story
One example: Heinz dilemma

Moral Development Levels:

Preconventional Level: Stages 1 & 2
Conventional Level: Stages 3 & 4
Postconventional (Principled) Level: Stages 5 & 6

Moral Development:

All human beings, everywhere, develop moral thinking through stages
Morality develops slowly

Moral Development (Cont):

Broad sweep of moral development:
Self-focus / Conformity / Principled Morality

Preconventional Morality: Stages 1 & 2

Stages of childhood; unusual in adults
Moral thinking dominated by child's egocentric needs and desires
Moral judgments made solely on basis of anticipated punishment or reward
Perspective of self dominates

Stage 1 Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation

Decide about issues on basis of personal fear & avoidance of punishment
Physical consequences of action determine its goodness/badness
Stage 1 person avoids trouble by obeying powerful authorities

Stage 1 Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation (Cont):

What is Moral: Obedience to commands of authority in order to avoid punishment
Do what you do in order to avoid displeasing those who have power over you

Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation

What is Moral: Whatever satisfies one's own needs & occasionally needs of others
Any behavior is good if outcome is advantageous to self
Stage 2 person inclined to exchange favors

Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation (Cont):

Sense of fair exchange based on pragmatic values
Sense of noninterference in affairs or values of others
About 5% of adults are preconventional, most at Stage 2

Conventional Morality: Stages 3 & 4

First appears in adolescence
Individual has internalized values of others
Moral thinking based on recognition of conventional order & rules/laws laid down by society

Conventional Morality (Cont): Stages 3 & 4

See it as valuable to maintain expectations of family, group, nation
CONFORM to these expectations
Perspectives of others recognized: particular social groups or authorities

Stage 3 Morality: Good Boy/Nice Girl Orientation

Moral judgments determined by values of others--parents or peers
Emphasis on conformity and being "nice"
What is Moral: Whatever meets expectations of others
Modal stage for women

Stage 4 Morality: Law-and-Order Orientation

Sense of duty & positive responsibility to others
Rules & obligations valued because they're necessary for stable society
"What would happen if everybody...?"

Stage 4 Morality (Cont): Law-and-Order Orientation

What is Moral: ...
Doing one's duty
Showing respect for authority
Maintaining social order for its own sake
Modal stage for men

Postconventional (Principled) Morality: STAGES 5 & 6

If it develops at all, not until adulthood
Rooted in principles of justice that are valid apart from authority
Based on rational considerations of moral obligation
Perspective of all individuals
Only 1/6 to 1/8 of adults

Concern for creation of "good" laws & rules that maximize individual welfare
Rules are social contracts made for a specific purpose
Contract is essential obligation, not content of rule

Majority will & majority welfare important
Greatest good for greatest number
What is Moral: Standards democratically agreed upon by whole society

Stage 6 Morality: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

Respect for equal value of lives
Respect for all persons as ends (not as means to an end)
Self-chosen, fully internalized principles that are universally valid

Stage 6 Morality (Cont): Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

What is Moral: Decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles
Universal principles of justice
Reciprocity & equality of human rights
Respect for dignity of human beings as individual persons

END

Your Notes

What are the 6 ethical standards?

The principles are beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice; truth-telling and promise-keeping.

What are the universal ethics of standards?

Universal ethical standards are norms that apply to all people across a broad spectrum. Ethics has six core values and they are: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship.

What are the 5 ethical standards?

Moral Principles Reviewing these ethical principles which are at the foundation of the guidelines often helps to clarify the issues involved in a given situation. The five principles, autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each absolute truths in and of themselves.

What are the 7 ethical principles in ethics?

WHAT ARE THE 7 MAIN ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING AND WHY THEY ARE IMPORTANT? There are seven primary ethical principles of nursing: accountability, justice, nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficence, fidelity, and veracity.