Which of the following are features of a data warehouse?

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Characteristics of a data warehouse

- Subject-oriented
- Integrated
- Non-volatile
- Time variant

Data warehouse

- Used for data retrieval and analysis
- Integrated data
- Historical and descriptive data
- Organized by subject
- Non-volatile data
- Relational database structure
- Redundant data
- Multi-dimensional data model
- Fewer but larger tables
- Data for analyzing the business
- Summarized data
- Contains data about data (metadata)
- Queries are unplanned and cannot be easily or quickly optimized

Traditional database

- Used to run daily business transactions
- Application-specific data
- Current, changing, and incomplete data
- Organized for performance
- Updated data
- Relational database structure
- Normalized data
- Normalized data model
- Large number, but smaller tables
- Data for running the business
- Raw data
- Contains only data
- Queries are pre-defined, small, and can be optimized
- Time element may or may not be contained in key structure

Star schema

Most widely-used method for implementing a multi-dimensional model in a relational database
- Not normalized model

Denormalization

Provides the flexibility for addressing requirements that are ad hoc and unplanned

Database partitioning

Break up data into smaller physical units that can be managed independently. Provides more flexibility in data management for designers and operations personnel.

Aggregation

To improve the performance of queries, data can be aggregated or accumulated along pre-defined attributes. Determined by the number of factors including the frequency of queries

Levels of data

- Current detailed data
- Lightly summarized data
- Highly summarized data

Current detailed data

- Lowest level of granularity (detail)
- Represent snapshots in time, transactions

Lightly summarized data

- Summarization is based on the fact that most users run queries that repeatedly access and analyze the same data elements at a summarized level.
- Provides ease of access, performance, and storage requirements

Highly summarized data

- Source can be lightly summarized or current detailed data
- Primary users are senior executives and strategic users
- Allow drill-down on data

Data models

- Logical
- Physical

Logical data model

- Depicts the information requirements of a business.
- Combines the business requirements and data structure.
- Independent of a physical data storage device.
- Includes relationships, cardinality, attributes, and keys
- ERD is created by a data modeler based upon the requirements specified by business experts

Physical data model

- Created from the logical data model
- Basis for physical database design and implementation
- Activities include denormalizing the data, selecting keys, creating indexes, building referential integrity

Five steps of database design

- Planning and analysis
- Conceptual design
- Logical design
- Physical design
- Implementation

ERD

Entity-Relationship Diagram

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