What is the best theory of gender development?
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Social Learning Theory states that individuals develop gender by imitating role models. SLT states that observational learning takes place, and that this learning is reinforced vicariously. Vicarious reinforcement occurs when a person witnesses a model being rewarded for behaving in a gender-appropriate way (e.g. a girl being praised for playing quietly with her dolls). Vicarious reinforcement makes it more likely that the model’s behaviour will be imitated in the future. According to Bandura, four mediational processes must occur for imitation of behaviour to take place: attention (an individual must pay attention to the model’s behaviour (e.g. boys must pay attention to male’s behavior and girls must pay attention to female’s behaviour); retention (individuals must code and store the observed gender-appropriate behaviour in long-term memory); reproduction (individuals must be capable of imitating the gender-appropriate behaviour); and motivation (individuals must have good reason for reproducing the gender-appropriate behaviour). Show
This phrase is commonly used to describe the differences between males and females. While there are several similarities across humankind, our gender differences play a large role in defining who we are.
Gender Development DefinitionOne of the most important elements of human development is gender development. From birth, our sex is assigned as either male or female. Sex is based on one's biology such as anatomy and chromosomes. For many people, but not all, their biological sex also helps to define their assigned gender. Gender identity is a person's personal sense of gender - male, female, both, or neither For a person who is transgender, their gender identity differs from their birth-assigned sex. “It’s not that [these] individuals think they are a different gender than they actually are. It’s that they [are] stuck with bodies that are a different gender from who they actually are.” - Robert Sapolsky, 2015 From a very early age, we begin to form our own views on gender and begin to identify our own. By around age two, we become aware of the physical differences between girls and boys. By age three we begin to label our own gender. Finally, by age four, most of us have a relatively stable sense of our gender identity. It is important to note the distinction between gender identity and sexual orientation, which refers to a person's sexual attraction. Transgender people may be sexually attracted to the same gender, opposite gender, both genders, or not attracted to anyone at all. Fig. 1 Male and female gender identity. Freepik.com Gender roles are also formed early in childhood. Gender roles differ from gender identity in that they refer to the expected social or cultural behaviors, traits, or attitudes assigned to males or females. From an early age, we search for clues about gender and begin to conceptualize the expected behavior for girls and boys that society has determined. As a result, we may begin to adjust our behavior to align with whichever gender we identify with. Androgynous people, however, may feel that a combination of both male and female gender roles feels best to them. This may also apply to a person's gender identity and gender expression. Gender expression is the external presentation of gender through behavior, mannerisms, clothing, or interests. Psychological Theories of Gender DevelopmentThere are several psychological theories of gender development. However, many of them can be broken down into one of three categories - biological, social, or cognitive theories of gender development. Biological Theories of Gender DevelopmentBiological theories of gender development are linked to many Darwinian theories of evolution. The biological approach assumes that behavioral and psychological differences in gender are a consequence of biological differences between males and females. Biological theories suggest that these differences in behavior are a part of the evolutionary process and are required for successful reproduction. Social Theories of Gender DevelopmentSocial theories of gender development, on the other hand, suggest that our gender identity is motivated by the social norms and pervasive stereotypes of gender that we encounter from a young age. According to these theorists, we learn our gender identity by observing and imitating others' gendered behaviors. We are often rewarded for behaviors consistent with gender norms and punished for behaviors that are not. For example, a little girl may receive praise and attention for playing with a kitchen set, but may be ignored or even reprimanded for playing with a fire truck. Through this reinforcement, we learn to align our behaviors with traditional gender norms that are taught to us. However, children may still find their way towards whatever feels right to them. Cognitive Theories of Gender DevelopmentFinally, cognitive theories of gender development are geared more towards a child's thinking in regards to gender. Cognitive theorists may suggest that children, after forming their own understanding of gender, seek to match their behavior to that understanding. A cognitive approach to gender development is more self-driven and should not be confused with a social approach that is socially driven. A child's knowledge of gender constancy may be an important factor in how they shape their gendered behaviors. There are three stages to gender constancy:
Cognitive consistency is an inherent need for children and is a strong motivator for adjusting behavior to match their perceptions of gender. Examples of Gender DevelopmentMales and females have many similarities as well as differences. Genetically, 45 of the 46 chromosomes we receive are similar. Both men and women must survive. Both must reproduce and avoid predators or other threats. Gender does not determine a person's basic abilities such as vocabulary learning, seeing, or remembering. While men and women share many similarities, their few differences are most important to note. Females
Males
Gender Development in PsychologyMany researchers have sought to understand how men and women differ psychologically, and have found that they probably differ in aggression as well as social connectedness. AggressionIn psychology, aggression refers to any behavior that is intended to hurt someone physically or emotionally. This may be physical or verbal behavior. Worldwide, men commit more violent crimes (Antonaccio et al., 2011). However, women may be more likely to exhibit relational aggression. Relational aggression is a physical or verbal act intended to harm a person's relationship or social status. Social ConnectednessThe need to belong is true for every human being, male or female. However, we may satisfy this need in different ways. Women, for example, are often more concerned with making meaningful connections in their relationships. Consequentially, teenage girls spend more time with friends than time alone. Men may be more focused on problem-solving in their conversations. Or, men may risk answering a difficult question with "hazard answers" rather than admit they do not know. On the other hand, female ties within the family bind that family together. Additionally, women will turn to others for support more than men do. While men and women differ in how connectedness plays a role in their lives, brain scans show no significant difference between the male and female brains. However, the female brain may be wired to enable social connectedness. Importance of Gender DevelopmentGender plays a major role in our world and will inevitably impact the world of a child. Parents who choose to raise their children in a gender-neutral space may improve their child's awareness of their identity and self-esteem. However, due to the inevitable impact of gender norms in a child's world, it may also bring confusion. Educators may also support children by creating a gender-neutral space. It may help children explore who they are, make choices, and make connections to the people around them (Lahelma, 2011). King and Hill (2013) found that training teachers with a gender-sensitive approach may improve a child's participation in a learning environment, particularly in girls' performance in mathematics and science. Children learn through teacher-child interactions, which may form stereotypical attitudes towards masculine and feminine gender roles. These views often develop before adolescence, meaning that childhood is an especially active time in gender development. It plays a significant role in forming a child's self-concept. What are the theories of gender development?These theories can be generally divided into three families: biological, socialization, and cognitive. According to biological theories, psychological and behavioral gender differences are due to the biological differences between males and females.
Which is the best example of gender schema theory?For example, a child who lives in a very traditional culture might believe that a woman's role is in the caring and raising of children, while a man's role is in work and industry. Through these observations, children form schema related to what men and women can and cannot do.
What are the five theories of gender?The sex hormone theory, genes theory, psychoanalytic theory, social-learning theory, and gender-schema theory.
What is psychodynamic theory in gender development?The psychodynamic theory of gender development suggests that gender identity and role are acquired during the third stage of psychosexual development, the phallic stage. Before this, in the oral and anal stages, the child does not have a gender identity and its sexual drives are directed indiscriminately.
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