Which of the following statements is true of the situational leadership model?

As founder of The Center for Leadership Studies and co-developer of the Situational Leadership® Model, Dr. Hersey was internationally recognized as a leading authority on training and development in leadership and management. The author and coauthor of numerous papers, articles, and books, “Management of Organizational Behavior,” is a true reflection of 50 years of the most significant theory and research developed by thought leaders in the behavioral sciences. This work focuses on the applicability of the Situational Leadership® Model, along with the interaction of people, motivation and leadership.

It was Dr. Paul Hersey’s goal to present a practical model that could be leveraged by a diverse spectrum of leaders for the express purpose of effective influence.

It’s normal for your personality and experience to influence your leadership style. While there isn’t one right way to lead, identifying your leadership style can help you grow your skill set and empower your team. In this article we describe 11 different leadership types, along with their pros and cons in different situations.

What do Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook, and Marvin Ellison, CEO of Lowe’s, have in common? They are both exceptional leaders. While one makes waves in the tech industry, the other takes on the challenge of retail. Both are forward-thinking, have visions for their work, and are compelling enough to command an audience. 

Leadership is not one-size-fits-all. Every leader has their own personality and experience that influences their particular style. This style can evolve over time, so the leader you are today may be different from the leader you’d like to become. 

To help you better understand what your current leadership style is and how you can use it to empower your team to make an impact, we cover 11 common leadership styles and theories. 

Management is operational; it’s about setting priorities, evaluating priorities, hiring and firing decisions, compensation decisions, things like that. A leader is more of a coach, or even a spiritual guide. She is responsible for maintaining energy, keeping everyone on the team inspired and helping them grow, and for ensuring everyone is aligned in the same direction. A leader must be a point of strength and stability across changes.”

You don’t need to be a manager to be a leader. Leaders can be found in every role in a company, not just top-level positions. If you’re working on becoming a better leader within your role, it’s helpful to understand the pros and cons of your current leadership style and what additional types of leadership you can aim to embody. 

Next, we’ll dive into various leadership styles and theories to help you better understand your style. You may even adopt some new strategies along the way.

What’s your leadership style?

As you can see, there are many different leadership theories and ways of thinking about leadership. 

Lewin’s theory places leaders into one of three groups, participative being the most effective. Emotional leadership theory gives six leadership styles that an effective leader will deploy at different times, depending on the situation. Bass gives us two opposing styles—transformational and transactional—one which motivates by empowering others while the other motivates with rewards and punishments.  

There isn’t one correct leadership style, but there is a style that you’re likely naturally drawn to. Which style did you relate to the most? What’s your default? Understand the pros and cons so that you can become a leader that empowers your team to thrive. If you’re having trouble leading consciously with your current method, consider trying a new leadership approach. 

Effective leadership styles empower your team

A leadership style is a classification of how you put your leadership skills into action. As we already know, leaders have many strengths. They spend their days on various responsibilities, from motivating others and thinking creatively to solving problems and taking risks. No two leaders are the same, though—how one approaches the same set of tasks can be vastly different from the next.

Leaders are tasked with ensuring teams are meeting the goals of an organization. Work management software will help ensure your team is on the same page, no matter where you’re leading them from. 

Previously known as “the life cycle theory of leadership”, the situational leadership model was a concept introduced by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard in Management of Organizational Behavior

They argued that there isn’t just one leadership style that works for all conditions. The situational leadership theory includes four leadership styles: direct, coach, support and delegate; that are adaptive to the employee’s range of developmental behavior.

Successful leaders have the ability to look at situations with different perspectives. They assess the situation and behaviors of the team members in play, after which they determine the type of leadership approach to use to get the best result. In this article, we will list the reasons why situational leadership ensures business success in today’s complex business environment.

The situational leadership theory and situational leadership model work to ensure business success, and this article will elaborate on how and why.

The situational leadership benefits:

Leadership benefits

1. It is a more flexible approach to leadership

Situational leadership is a relationship-oriented type of leadership. It bases a leader’s directives on the readiness and ability of his followers. This is why it is seen as a “flexible approach”. The leader does not use a single style of leadership across all his team members.

In order for it to work, the leader must have established a relationship with his team members in order to understand their state of mind when receiving directions for the tasks they need to complete.

Looking at Ken Blanchard’s model for the succeeding examples: a leader will most likely use a directive style of leadership to a new employee as they are still new at learning their task. However, the same leader may delegate the task of training to their most tenured and highly motivated team member.

As Employee 1 gains some tenure and increases their skills, but may get disengaged along the way, the leader may change to a coaching style of leadership towards Employee 1. This means they decrease their task-oriented leadership style and incorporate a relationship-oriented leadership approach.

If it transpires that Employee is also disengaged, they are still highly skilled but demotivated. So the leader will need to use the supportive style of leadership in this kind of situation. The leader uses a different leadership approach to have the best impact to each employee.

Tip 1. Know your default leadership style
Look for online leadership or communication style surveys to determine your communication style. Usually, the leadership style you instinctively use during high-stress situations is your default style of leadership, so make sure you are aware of it.

Tip 2. Acknowledge style differences and work to meet half-way
Set expectations when working with people who have different leadership styles. You may start by having everyone identify their default leadership styles and discuss how you all are willing to compromise in order to work harmoniously. Already knowing each other’s comfort zones makes it easier to adjust and compromise.

2. It encourages successful collaboration among team members

From the examples given in number 1, we see a situation that creates an opportunity for collaboration. There is interaction amongst team members [as Employee 1 is being taught by Employee 4] when the leader uses situational leadership in dealing with their team.

Technology has made collaboration easier among employees, even across continents. The opportunity is there. The leader merely needs to encourage their team members to collaborate.

Statistics show that 75% of employees rated collaboration as “very important” to their engagement. 86% of executives and employees also say that lack of collaboration accounts for failures in the workplace.

The presence of collaboration increases team productivity and engagement. Successful leaders who use the situational leadership approach influence team members in order to achieve the optimal strength of the team. When the team is optimized, collaboration becomes a means to get creative collectively and make valuable innovations that are beneficial to any business.

Tip 1. Get everyone on the same page
Eliminate redundancies in current workflows. Daily team meetings will help pinpoint each member’s task/goal for the day. This is especially helpful if some tasks cross-over, or are so similar that they can actually all be achieved by just one person.

Tip 2. Set clear expectations
Communicate the organizational goal to your team so that they understand how their own tasks and objectives connect to the overall picture. Set the individual expectations of your members on what the outcome should be. One on one sessions with your team members usually help set this pace while also providing a forum to review performance/outcome at the end of a project.

Tip 3. Utilize technology
Take advantage of the tech tools that your company allows. A common repository of files will help team members get access to what they need more efficiently. It is important, however, to make sure that access to the documents and files is controlled so changes can be tracked.

Tip 4. Run team meetings that count
Before holding a meeting, make sure that you have a clear agenda and let your team members know the purpose of the meeting and why they need to be present. During the meeting, have someone take minutes in order to ensure that there is follow-up for the tracking of tasks. It is crucial to indicate who is responsible for each task, and when it is due.

3. Adaptability is encouraged to fit past, present & future situations

When a leader is adept at using transformational leadership, they are a situational leader not only in managing employees but also in dealing with different circumstances in the workplace. When faced with a challenge, they know that they must approach it by assessing the impact their solution may bring.

They must assess the history of the problem, what are the present conditions causing the issue, and how their plans to solve the problem will impact the organization in the future.

It is essential to look at strategies that can lead to business process or product transformation so that the same challenge will not recur. This is a way of forward thinking that does not disregard past and present circumstances. One can only be certain that business dynamics will continue to change. Executives need to adapt and stay abreast of all of these changes to ensure business success.

Tip 1. Use the whole alphabet
Make sure you prepare yourself for possible failures, this way you always have a plan B and C and so on, until you find a plan that works. In a lot of cases, finding the right solution requires trial and error. In each case, always plan for an alternative solution.

Human benefits

4. It assesses maturity levels of people within the organization

In situational leadership, the leader must manage both being very directive and supportive to their team members when they give tasks. They need to be able to read body language and their employees’ state of mind.

Situational leaders are charismatic leaders: good communicators who can connect to their employees’ emotions. In order to be able to connect deeply with your employees you need to know how to read people’s psychological state. You need to know how to assess their professional maturity.

Once you are able to measure your team member’s individual maturity, you will know what training development programs they need. It may be that they need more skills training or they might need more soft skills training.

It is important to also use personal evaluations to identify individuals mature enough to be lined up for leadership roles based on their job skill level and engagement level.

When you are providing the right training and development programs, as well as professional support according to their needs, it will result in a highly engaged workforce. There will be higher productivity and lower negative attrition.

5. It encourages socio-emotional support for subordinates

A team or any business organization will be composed of individuals who come from totally different educational, social, economic and cultural backgrounds. Experienced employees also have different work experiences and corporate cultural backgrounds. This puts each individual at a different emotional maturity level when they join the organization.

Psychology Today has listed 5 core socio-emotional skills: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision making. Together, these skills help an individual face challenges and determine how far they will succeed.

A situational leader needs to be adept at people-oriented leadership to provide socio-emotional support. Successful leaders who use the situational leadership theory know how to influence subordinates because they understand how to support them to succeed.

6. It encourages provision of direction & guidance for subordinates

Employees at different stages in their professional development need the right amount of coaching. They need to set goals and expectations with their bosses and should have frequent one-on-one feedback sessions to check on their progress against their goals.

This is the reason why situational leadership should provide consistent direction and guidance to subordinates because even employee, as highly skilled as they are, may need to improve their soft skills in order to be ready for the next step in their career.

Employees may already be at the stage in their career level, but if they are pursuing a new position, the leader understands that they will most likely go back to the quadrant in their desired position. If a business has situational leaders who can make these kinds of assessments every time, the business will benefit from having very well guided and directed employees.

7. Work productivity can be enhanced with situational leadership

It is clear that situational leadership means a leader has the flexibility to also use transformational leadership. Leaders need to work with their team members to identify what areas of the business or what processes and products need transformation to improve, as well as to add more value and be more competitive.

Once these are identified, the leader works with the team to set the project goals, timeline, and work on a detailed plan to achieve their vision.

When leaders are involved in making positive changes, employees are convinced that they are part of something important. Employees become more committed to their tasks and more trustful in their leaders. They increase their engagement in the workplace and in effect, productivity increases.

When employees are receiving the proper support and feedback from their superiors, they are constantly reminded of their goals. When they veer away from their paths, leaders should be there to redirect them towards their set goals. These principles work no matter the size of the team, as long as the leader is committed to developing their employees to become more productive.

8. It can boost employee motivation within a business organization

The situational leadership approach works well in motivating employees in the organization. When transformational leaders decide to empower their employees by delegating tasks, trusting them with responsibilities to develop their skills and providing support throughout to achieve their goals, the result is a strongly motivated team.

It has been proven by studies that motivated teams improve business in terms of productivity and lower attrition rate. Motivated employees are more creative and contribute more ideas to the business.

Importantly, teams benefit from a situational leader who knows how to empower high performing team members by delegating tasks to them, delegating their own responsibilities so they can focus on the employees who need more support from them. Ultimately, the business gets the return on their investment by capitalizing on transformational leaders who use this leadership approach.

Organizational benefits

9. It increases awareness of current organizational situations

When organizations go through transformations, the change is unsettling and employees become uncertain of their positions in the company. Some may fear that organizational changes could cost them their jobs. Some may see that by embracing certain technological changes their job may become redundant, and the organization will no longer need their skills.

Whatever changes the organization is going through, the situational leadership approach must help ease any fear of the staff regarding their job security.

Since this leadership approach is a people-oriented leadership style, leaders are honest with their teams. They exercise good communication skills and provide their employees with the right information for them to understand all the organizational vision and goals.

Being transparent with the employees makes them trust their leaders and consequently the organizations vision to transform. If you get employees to buy in to your organizational aspirations, the journey towards the goal will be a lot faster, smoother and more successful.

10. Situational Leadership can counter volatility

The media politicizes everything, and with social media in play, any move a government leader does can easily make an economy volatile. People will always have some anxiety when there are political issues that could shake the economy. In the U.S., there are talks of another recession approaching in 2020.

The National Association of Business Economics ran a survey, and 50% of the economists think the recession may happen as early as 2019. News like this is all over social media and makes people anxious about the future. This anxiety can easily manifest in the workplace as people freely discuss current affairs.

A situational leader can help ease tension in the workplace by leading his team to concentrate on their responsibilities at work. He can adjust to the situation by exercising the task-oriented leadership approach and keeping his employees on the right track of achieving organizational goals, despite having different political belief systems.

11. Situational Leadership can counter uncertainty

Economic instability can give people great anxiety and uncertainty. As this translates in the workplace, leaders can expect a decrease in productivity, tension between co-workers, and possibly an unstable organization too. The organization can be affected by the view of external players such as customers, media and suppliers, or other political and economic factors.

A successful leader should shift into a charismatic leader in times like these. They need to be an influencer to appease their employees that though uncertainty lies outside the workplace, they must continue to fulfill the tasks and responsibilities they signed up for. The American Psychological Association said that workplace stress causes a loss of more than $500 billion in the U.S. economy.

An effective leader must know how to show empathy to individuals while remaining rational rather than adding to the stress. They should understand how their employees’ fear of uncertainty is affecting their job performance, so that they can provide coaching and support accordingly. A good leader must have clarity of vision in order to influence their team to stay focused on the organizational goals. This will ensure business success amidst the turbulent, uncertain economic and political environment.

Problem solving benefits

12. Situational Leadership can decipher situational complexity

Self-awareness is the key to becoming a successful leader. Combined with the use of situational leadership theory, one who is in touch with their own strengths and weaknesses as well as their employees’ can be a very effective leader. A well-developed sense of self-awareness allows the leader to quickly adjust to any given situation, no matter how complex.

As a leader looks inward and outward to assess complex situations, they can see from different perspectives and are able to simplify things. Focusing on the simpler things that really matter to solve a complex issue ensures business success. People will continue to be complex. The business environment of tomorrow will continue to be complicated.

The challenges a leader will encounter will be tougher to decipher if they do not employ the right type of leadership for each given situation. The only way to ensure that business remains strong is having committed situational leaders who are willing to adapt to the increasing complexity brought about by advancements and technological transformations.

13. Situational Leadership can beat ambiguity

Situational leaders are agile, strategic thinkers who are able to beat ambiguity. It is part of a concept that originated from the U.S. Army War College framework. This concept is known as VUCA [volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity].

Ambiguity is experienced by industry leaders; especially so when they are trying to forge ahead of everyone else and create or offer something that no one else has. Some very advanced innovation and transformation ideas can also be vague and ambiguous.

However, successful leaders are trailblazers; always trying to be one step ahead of the game. To ensure business success, you must be a good listener. Your team members may have questions about where you’re headed. Make sure you are ready to clarify and address their concerns. Listen to their ideas as well. They may have the next big breakthrough you are looking for. Make sure you empower your team by recognizing their efforts, ideas and cooperation as you try to reach and achieve a new vision. Leading a solid team will make your quest for success achievable.

14. Using Situational Leadership, you can control all possible outcomes

Situational leadership means being able to control outcomes because you are able to effectively influence your organization in all directions: upwards, across and down. You think proactively and consider how your subordinates will react. You formulate scenarios of how to handle every possible reaction.

This is effective leadership at its best. You are self-aware and therefore you use your leadership intuition and back it up with years of experience and academic training. Situational leadership approach allows the leader to look beyond what others see in plain sight.

Like playing chess, the better player is always ten steps ahead in the game. Before making any move, they consider every possible move the opponent can possibly make and plan for a counter move. Being a strategic advanced planner, they can always be on the offense. This is how having situational leaders can greatly benefit businesses. They will always be ahead of the competition because their leaders are successful situational strategic thinkers.

15. Using Situational Leadership, adapt your style to those you lead

It takes a variety of skills to make a great charismatic leader. You will need clarity, focus, and good communication skills in order to be an exceptional influencer. Charismatic leaders understand psychology and know exactly how to convince and influence people. 
A successful situational leader understands the importance of being charismatic at specific times. When they are trying to sell an idea that they perceives to be a bit more unconventional which may face resistance from superiors, peers or subordinates, they know how to switch on their charisma to gain their buy-in and cooperation.

When you understand how people will respond to the ideas you pitch, you are able to plan how to sell it to them in such a way that they will clearly see the direction which you are leading them towards. They will understand the benefits of your goals just as you foresee them because you sent them a thoughtfully crafted message. Businesses are ensured that their situational leaders know exactly how to deliver messages in such a way that they will be accepted with minimal resistance, even when they are difficult ones.

Situational leadership is adaptive, emotionally intelligent and influential. This people-oriented style of leadership is the preferred leadership approach of successful leaders in different industries because in today’s business environment, investing in loyal and committed employees defines the success of a company.

Nathaniel Clinger cited a study in his online article which states that 400 of the Fortune 500 companies include situational leadership theory in their training programs. It just goes to show that big successful organizations value the importance of having flexible, adaptive, relationship-oriented, transformational leaders. The Ken Blanchard companies say that situational leadership delivers up to a 10x return on your training investment. It increases profit and productivity while decreasing employee turnover.

To advance your leadership skills and influence transformational and meaningful impact in your organization, explore the transformational program of IMD, one of the best executive educational institutions in the world.