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Portland State University , Department of Psychology
PSY 311U: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Lecture 15Moral Development: Cognitive-Developmental Approach- Lawrence Kohlberg
- Used philosophy in order to define what is moral
- Morality is a philosophical [ethical], rather than a behavioral, concept
Justice:- The most essential structure of morality
- Justice =
Equality
- Justice is not a RULE
- Justice is a MORAL PRINCIPLE
- Gilligan: CARE
Kohlberg's Method: - Uses Piaget's approach
- Confronts person with moral dilemma in the form of a story
- One example: Heinz dilemma
Moral Development Levels:- Preconventional Level:
Stages 1 & 2
- Conventional Level: Stages 3 & 4
- Postconventional [Principled] Level: Stages 5 & 6
Moral Development:- All human beings, everywhere, develop moral thinking through stages
- Morality develops slowly
Moral Development [Cont]:- Broad sweep of moral
development:
- Self-focus / Conformity / Principled Morality
Preconventional Morality: Stages 1 & 2- Stages of childhood; unusual in adults
- Moral thinking dominated by child's egocentric needs and desires
- Moral judgments made solely on basis of anticipated punishment or reward
- Perspective of self dominates
Stage 1
Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation- Decide about issues on basis of personal fear & avoidance of punishment
- Physical consequences of action determine its goodness/badness
- Stage 1 person avoids trouble by obeying powerful authorities
Stage 1 Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation [Cont]: - What is
Moral: Obedience to commands of authority in order to avoid punishment
- Do what you do in order to avoid displeasing those who have power over you
Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation- What is Moral: Whatever satisfies one's own needs & occasionally needs of others
- Any behavior is good if outcome is advantageous to self
- Stage 2
person inclined to exchange favors
Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation [Cont]:- Sense of fair exchange based on pragmatic values
- Sense of noninterference in affairs or values of others
- About 5% of adults are preconventional, most at Stage 2
Conventional Morality: Stages 3 & 4- First
appears in adolescence
- Individual has internalized values of others
- Moral thinking based on recognition of conventional order & rules/laws laid down by society
Conventional Morality [Cont]: Stages 3 & 4- See it as valuable to maintain expectations of family, group, nation
- CONFORM to these expectations
- Perspectives of others
recognized: particular social groups or authorities
Stage 3 Morality: Good Boy/Nice Girl Orientation- Moral judgments determined by values of others--parents or peers
- Emphasis on conformity and being "nice"
- What is Moral: Whatever meets expectations of others
- Modal stage for women
Stage 4 Morality: Law-and-Order
Orientation- Sense of duty & positive responsibility to others
- Rules & obligations valued because they're necessary for stable society
- "What would happen if everybody...?"
Stage 4 Morality [Cont]: Law-and-Order Orientation- What is Moral: ...
- Doing one's duty
- Showing respect for
authority
- Maintaining social order for its own sake
- Modal stage for men
Postconventional [Principled] Morality: STAGES 5 & 6- If it develops at all, not until adulthood
- Rooted in principles of justice that are valid apart from authority
- Based on rational considerations of moral obligation
- Perspective of
all individuals
- Only 1/6 to 1/8 of adults
Stage 5 Morality:Social Contract Orientation- Concern for creation of "good" laws & rules that maximize individual welfare
- Rules are social contracts made for a specific purpose
- Contract is essential obligation, not content of rule
Stage 5 Morality [Cont]: Social Contract
Orientation - Majority will & majority welfare important
- Greatest good for greatest number
- What is Moral: Standards democratically agreed upon by whole society
Stage 6 Morality: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation- Respect for equal value of lives
- Respect for all persons as ends [not as means to an
end]
- Self-chosen, fully internalized principles that are universally valid
Stage 6 Morality [Cont]: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation - What is Moral: Decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles
- Universal principles of justice
- Reciprocity & equality of human
rights
- Respect for dignity of human beings as individual persons
END
| Your Notes
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What are the 6 ethical standards?
The principles are beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice; truth-telling and promise-keeping.
What are the universal ethics of standards?
Universal ethical standards are norms that apply to all people across a broad spectrum. Ethics has six core values and they are: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship.
What are the 5 ethical standards?
Moral Principles
Reviewing these ethical principles which are at the foundation of the guidelines often helps to clarify the issues involved in a given situation. The five principles, autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each absolute truths in and of themselves.
What are the 7 ethical principles in ethics?
WHAT ARE THE 7 MAIN ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING AND WHY THEY ARE IMPORTANT? There are seven primary ethical principles of nursing: accountability, justice, nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficence, fidelity, and veracity.