-Level 1
Preconventional reasoning- the Lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
-Stage 1. Punishment and obedience orientation: is the first Kohlberg stage of moral development. at this stage, moral thinking is often tied to punishment.
Example: Children and adolescents obey adults because adults tell them to obey.
-Stage 2. Individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange: This is the second stage in Kohlberg's model. At this stage, individuals
pursue their own interests but also let others do the same. Thus, what is right involves an equal exchange. People are nice to others so that others will be nice to them in return. This stage has been described as reflecting an attitude of "what is in it for me".
Example:
-Level 2
Conventional reasoning- Is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Individuals abide by certain standards [internal], but they are the standards of others [external],
such as parents or the law of society. In conventional reasoning, individuals develop expectations about social roles. This conventional reasoning level consists of two stages.
-Stage 3. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity:
Kohlberg's third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments. Children and adolescents often adopt their parents' moral standards at this
stage, seeking to be thought of by their parents as a "good girl" or a "good boy."
Example:
Stage 4. Social systems morality: is the fourth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this stage, moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty. For example, adolescents may say that, for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members. Thus, in stage 4 reasoning, individuals engage in social perspective-taking that goes beyond intimate acquaintances to encompass the importance of being a good citizen.
-Level 3
Postconventional stage- Is the highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level morality is more internal. the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a moral code. In postconventional reasoning, individuals engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to ensure that it meets high ethical
standards. The post-conventional level of morality consists of two stages.
-Stage 5.
Social contract or utility and individual rights:
The fifth Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergrid or transcend the law. A person evaluates the validity of actual laws and examines social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values.
Example:
-Stage 6. Universal ethical
principles:
The sixth and the highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this stage, the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person will follow conscience, even though the decision might involve personal risk.
Example:
Preconventional level
-If the parent gets upset, the kid knows it's bad
-Parallels preoperational lvl of cog dev + intuitive thought
-Culturally oriented to labels of good/bad, right/wrong→ integrate consequences
-Avoid punishment, obey w/o question those who have power to determine, enforce rules
-No concept of basic moral order that supports consequences
-Later determine right behavior consists of that which
satisfies own needs + sometimes others' needs
-Elements of fairness, give and take, equal sharing evident- but interpreted in practical, concrete way w/o loyalty, gratitude, justice
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation
-punishment and obedience training. It is during this stage the nurse would anticipate absolute obedience to authority and rules
Stage 2: Instrumental relativist orientation
-anticipate that the client will realize there is more than 1 right view
Conventional level
-Concerned w/ conformity, loyalty [if they get positive reinforcement from parents/teacher they will continue that behavior]
Value maintenance of family, group, national expectations regardless of conseq
Behavior met w/ approval, pleases/helps others = good
Earn approval by being nice
Obeying rules, doing one's duty, showing respect for authority, maintaining social order = correct
behaviors
Level correlated w/ stage of concrete operations in cog dev
Stage 3: Interpersonal concordance orientation
-the client wants to win approval and maintain expectations of his or her immediate group
Stage 4: Authority social order-maintaining orientation
-the client expands focus from the relationship with others to societal concerns
Postconventional [autonomous or principle] level
-Has
reached cog stage of formal operations → decide for themselves what is right/wrong based on their morals & societal norms
-Correct behavior= defined by general individual rights, standards that have been examined, agreed on by entire society
-Procedural rules for reaching consensus important [legally]- also emphasis on possibility for changing law in terms of societal needs, rational considerations
-During the post conventional stage, individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles
Stage 5: Social-contract legalistic orientation
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation
-Most advanced lvl = one in which self-chosen ethical principles guide decisions of conscience
-Abstract and ethical but universal principles of justice + human rights w/ respect for dignity of persons as individuals
-Believed that few people reach this stage
What is the correct order of the stages according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
-Punishment and obedience orientation
-Society-maintaining orientation
-Universal ethical principle orientation
-Instrumental relativist orientation
-Social contract orientation
-Good boy-nice girl orientation
1. Punishment and obedience orientation
2. Instrumental relativist orientation
3. Good boy-nice girl
orientation
4. Society-maintaining orientation
5. Universal ethical principle orientation
In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development would the nurse anticipate a client to expand focus from relationships with others to societal concerns?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
d. Stage 4
Level 2, conventional reasoning, stage 4 is when the nurse anticipates a client will expand focus from the relationship with others to societal concerns. In level 1, preconventional reasoning, stage 1, the nurse anticipates absolute obedience to authority and rules. In level 1, preconventional reasoning stage 2, the nurse anticipates that the client will realize there is more than 1 right view. In level 2, preconventional reasoning stage 3, the client wants to win approval and maintain expectations of his or her immediate group.
Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development would the nurse anticipate in a client who exhibits absolute obedience to authority and rules?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
a. stage 1
Level 1, preconventional reasoning, includes stage 1, punishment and obedience training. It is during this stage the nurse would anticipate absolute obedience to authority and rules. Stage 2, also in level 1, is when the nurse anticipates that the child will realize there is more than 1 right view. In stage 3, level 2, the child wants to win approval and maintain expectations of his or her immediate group. In stage 4, also in level 2. the client expands focus from the relationship with others to societal concerns.
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory would a child exhibit fear of punishment?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
a. Stage 1
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at stage 1 a child is afraid of punishment. At stage 2 the child recognizes that there is more than 1 correct viewpoint. At stage 3, an individual seeks the approval of and maintains the expectations of one's immediate group. At stage 4, an individual expands focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns.
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which statement about conventional reasoning is true?
a. A person wants to fulfill family expectations.
b. A child's thinking is mostly based on likes and pleasures.
c. A child recognizes that there is more than 1 correct view.
d. An individual moves away from moral decisions based on authority.
a. A person wants to fulfill family expectations.
During the conventional reasoning level, a person wants to fulfill the expectations of his or her family, group, or nation. During the preconventional reasoning level, a child's thinking is mostly based on likes and pleasures. During this stage, a child also recognizes that there is more than 1 correct view. During the post conventional stage, individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles.
A child wants to be on time for a family dinner. According to Kohlberg's theory, which stage of development is the child experiencing?
a. Good boy-nice girl orientation
b. Society-maintaining orientation
c. Instrumental relativist orientation
d. Universal ethical principle of orientation
c. Instrumental relativist orientation
When a child wants to be on time for a family dinner, this thought exemplified the instrumental relativist orientation stage. A child at this stage follows his or her parent's rules. During the good boy-nice girl orientation stage, a child wants to win the approval of and maintain the expectations of one's immediate group. During the society-maintaining orientation stage, an individual expands focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns. During the universal ethical principle orientation stage, the concept of rightness is defined by self-chosen ethical principles.
Which statement is true about the instrumental relativist orientation stage?
a. An individual recognizes that there is more than 1 correct point of view.
b. An individual finds a balance between societal rules and basic human rights and obligations.
c. An individual response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules.
d. An individual sees moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and other's expectations.
a. An individual recognizes that there is more than 1 correct point of view.
During the instrumental relativist orientation stage, an individual finds that there is more than 1 correct point of view. During the postconventional reasoning stage, a person finds a balance between societal rules and basic human rights obligations. During the punishment and obedience orientation stage, a child's response to amoral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules. During the conventional reasoning stage, the person sees moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and other's expectations.