Drink machine for staff room ielts listening

Щ Ca m b r id g e ШUNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE ESOL Examinations Щ Ш UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge English Complete Bands 5-6.5 Workbook with Answers M ark Harrisonnbridge English Bands 5-6.5 Workbook with Answers M ark Harrison П C a m b r id g e UNIVERSITY PRESSi CAM BRID G E UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107401976 © Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in China by Golden Cup Printing Co. Ltd A catalogue recordfor this publication is availablefrom the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-17948-5 Student’s Book with Answers with CD-ROM ISBN 978-0-521-17949-2 Student’s Book without Answers with CD-ROM ISBN 978-0-521-18516-5 Teacher’s Book ISBN 978-0521-17950-8 Class Audio CDs (2) ISBN 978-0521-17953-9 Student’s Book Pack (Student’s Book with Answers with CD-ROM and Class Audio CDs (2)) ISBN 978-1107-40197-6 Workbook with Answers with Audio CD ISBN 978-1107-40196-9 Workbook without Answers with Audio CD Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.\\ Contents -*• / 4 Map of the units 6 12 1 Starting somewhere new 2 It’s good for you! 18 3 Getting the message across 24 4 New media 30 5 The world in our hands 36 6 Making money, spending money 42 7 Relationships 48 8 Fashion and design 54 Recording script 61 Answer key 67 Acknowledgements ! Contents ©Unit title Reading Listening 1 Starting som ew here new Reading Section 1: Third culture kids Listening Section 1: C onducting a survey • True / False / N ot given • Form completion 2 It’s g o o d for you! • Table completion • Multiple choice Reading Section 2: What do you know about Listening Section 2: A welcom e talk the food you eat? • Multiple choice • Matching headings • Labelling a map o ra plan • Pick from a list Map of the units 3 Getting the m essage acro ss Reading Section 3: Strictly English Listening Section 3: A student tutorial 4 New m edia • Yes / No / N ot given • Pick from a list • Summary completion with a box • Matching • M ultiple choice • Short-answer questions Reading Section 1: Is constant use o f electronic Listening Section 4: A talk on blogging media changing our minds? • Sentence completion • True / False / N ot given • Flow-chart completion • Note completion • Short-answer questions 5 T h e w orld in our hands Reading Section 2: Russia's boreal forests and Listening Section 1: Finding out about wild grasses could combat climate change environmental projects • Matching information • Matching features • Note completion • Summary completion • Table completion 6 M aking money, spending money Reading Section 1: Movers and shakers Listening Section 2: A talk about vending • Labelling a diagram machines • True / False / N ot given • Flow-chart completion • Matching • Labelling a diagram 7 Relationships Reading Section 2: Establishing you r birthrights Listening Section 3: A student discussion 8 Fashion and design • Matching headings about a presentation • Matching features • Sentence completion • Multiple choice • Flow-chart completion Reading Section 3: M aking a loss is the height Listening Section 4: A lecture on the history o f fashion of jeans • Multiple choice • Sentence completion • Yes / No / N ot given • Matching sentence endings 4 ) Map of the unitsWriting Vocabulary Grammar W riting Task 1 • Problem or trouble? M aking comparisons • Selecting im portant information • A ffe ct or effect? • Planning an answer • Percent ox percentage Countable and uncountable nouns • Key vocabulary W riting Task 2: A task w ith tw o questions • Analysing the task • W ord formation • Organising ideas into paragraphs • Key vocabulary • Using linking words W riting Task 1 • Teach, learn or study? • Tenses: past simple, present perfect • Summarising trends in graphs and • Find out or know? simple and present perfect continuous • Study-related vocabulary tables • Key vocabulary • Prepositions in tim e phrases and phrases describing trends W riting Task 2: To w ha t extent do you agree • Cause, factor and reason or disagree? • Internet-related vocabulary • However, although, even though and on • Key vocabulary the other hand • Answering the question • Choosing relevant information • Articles • Using linkers W riting Task 1 • Nature, the environment or the The passive • Summarising a diagram countryside? Relative pronouns and relative clauses • Analysing the task • W riting in paragraphs • Tourist or tourism\"? • Ordering information • Key vocabulary • Using sequencers W riting Task 2: A greeing and disagreeing • Verb + to d o / verb + doing • Introducing and linking ideas in • W ords connected with finance • Words connected with shops and paragraphs • C onstructing the middle paragraphs of an shopping • Key vocabulary essay W riting Task 1 • W ords related to feelings and attitudes • Reference devices • Analysing similarities and differences in • Age(s) / aged / age group • Zero, first and second conditionals • Key vocabulary charts / graphs Time conjunctions: u n til/ b efore/ w hen/ • Using reference devices ■ Dress (uncountable] / dress (es) after [countable) / clothes/ doth W riting Task 2: Discussing tw o opinions • Including your own opinion • Key vocabulary • Introducing other people’s opinions • Concluding paragraphs Map of the units ( 5Starting somewhere new Listening Section 1 t—----------------------------------------- \\ Questions 6-10 Choose the correct letter, A, В or C. 6 W hat does the m an say about public transport? A He doesn’t like using it. В He seldom uses it. С He has stopped using it. О Look at the second task, Question 6-10. What do 7 W hat does the m an say about sport in the city? all of the questions focus on? Circle A, В or C. A Some facilities are better than others. В He intends to do more of it in the future. A how often the m an does various things С Someone recom m ended a place to him В a particular aspect of life in the city before he came. С planned changes in the city 8 What does the m an say about entertainment? © ^ Now listen and answer Questions 1-10. A He doesn’t have m uch tim e for it. В There is a very wide range of it. С It is the best aspect of life in the city. Questions 1-5 9 W hat does the m an say about litter? A There is less of it th an he had expected. Complete the form below. В Not enough is done about the problem. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR С His home tow n has more of it. A NUMBER for each answer. INTERVIEW - DETAILS OF SUBJECT 10 W hat does the m an say about crim e in the city? Age group: A The police deal w ith it very efficiently. Length of time living in city: 1 .............. В It is som ething th at worries him. Previous home: 2 .............. С He doesn’t know how m uch of it there is. ч___________________________ ___________________ _— > Occupation: 3 .............. Area of city: 4 .............. Postcode: 5 .............. (IT) Unit 1Vocabulary Percent or percentage Problem or tro u b le ? Q Student’s Book unit 1, p i5 * О Complete these questions w ith problem or trouble. @ Complete these sentences about emigration from 1 W hat has been the m a in .........................you have a country with percent or percentage. had in adapting to a new country? 1 The p & m i t d of people planning to emigrate 2 Have you h a d .........................com m unicating rose last year. with people? 2 Only a s m a ll...................... planned to live abroad 3 If you have a .........................have you got permanently. someone who will help you? 3 T h e ...................... planning short-term em igration 4 Have you got in to .........................because of was higher last year than this year. som ething you didn’t understand? 4 There was a rise of th r e e ...................... in the 5 Is the language a .........................for you? num ber of people planning to leave. 5 Last year, f o u r ...................... of people said that they were thinking of emigrating. 6 This year, 7 3 ...................... of people em igrating did so for reasons of employment. Key vocabulary О Complete the sentences below with the words in the box. There are two words w hich do not fit into any of the gaps. accustomed adjusting customs seek surroundings values process matters sense referring evidence stages A ffe c t or e ffe c t? Moving to a new country Q Complete these questions w ith the correct form of • Being in unfam iliar (1) SMWPMMAmffS. can make you affect or effect. feel lonely. 1 Have the people you’ve met had an • (2 ).........................to a new life is a difficult on you? (3 ) You probably go through several (4 ) before you start to feel comfortable. 2 Does the w e a th e r.........................how you feel? 3 Has being away from your friends and family • It can be hard to understand how to deal with financial (5 ).........................because the system is so you more than you expected? different from the one you are (6 ).........................to. 4 W hat have been the m a in .........................of living • Researchers have found (7 ).........................that certain in a new country? personality types have less trouble than others in 5 W h a t.........................you the most - the people or getting used to living abroad. the place? • If some of the (8 ).........................in your new country don’t make (9 )......................... to you, it’s a good idea to (10).........................out people from your own culture who can explain them to you. Starting somewhere new ( 7Reading Section 1 О Read the title and the first three paragraphs of the article below. Who are ‘Third culture kids’? Circle A, В or C. A children whose parents keep moving from country to country В children living in a country neither of their parents come from С children who have just arrived in a culture that is new to them 0 Now read the whole text and answer Questions 1 THIRD CULTURE KIDS in Liberia, has a German passport but grew up in Niger and then Liberia. Before the Liberian civil war forced his family to leave, Mikel In a world where international careers are becoming played daily with those who were later forced to become soldiers for commonplace, the phenomenon of third culture kids (TCKs) - that war. Through his eyes, the stories of those we would otherwise children who spend a significant portion of their developmental overlook come to life for the rest of us. years in a culture outside their parents' passport culture(s) - is increasing exponentially. Not only is their number increasing, but Understanding the TCK experience is also important for other the cultural complexity and relevance of their experience and the reasons. Many ATCKs are now in positions of influence and power. adult TCKs (ATCKs) they become, is also growing. Their capacity to often think ‘outside the box’ can offer new and creative thinking for doing business and living in our globalising When Ruth Hill Useem, a sociologist, first coined this term in the world. But that same thinking can create fear for those who see the 1950s, she spent a year researching expatriates in India. She world from a more traditional world view. Neither the non-ATCKs nor discovered that folks who came from their home (or first) culture the ATCKs may recognise that there may be a cultural clash going and moved to a host (or second) culture, had, in reality, formed a on because, by traditional measures of diversity such as race or culture, or lifestyle, different from either the first or second cultures. gender, they are alike. She called this the third culture and the children who grew up in this lifestyle ‘third culture kids’. At that time, most expatriate families In addition, many people hear the benefits and challenges of the had parents from the same culture and they often remained in one TCK profile described and wonder why they relate to it when they host culture while overseas. never lived overseas because of a parent’s career. Usually, however, they have grown up cross-culturally in another way, perhaps as This is no longer the case. Take, for example, Brice Royer, the children of immigrants, refugees, bi-racial or bi-cuitural unions, founder of TCKid.com. His father is a half-French/half-Vietnamese international adoptees, even children of minorities. If we see UN peacekeeper, while his mom is Ethiopian. Brice lived in seven the TCK experience as a Petri dish of sorts - a place where the countries before he was eighteen including France, Mayotte, La effects of growing up among many cultural worlds accompanied Reunion, Ethiopia, Egypt, Canada and England. He writes, ‘When by a high degree of mobility have been studied - then we can look people ask me “Where are you from?” I just joke around and say, for what lessons may also be relevant to helping us understand “My mom says i'm from heaven.” ’ What other answer can he give? issues other cross-cultural kids (CCKs) may also face. It is possible we may discover that we need to rethink our traditional ways of ATCK Elizabeth Dunbar’s father, Roy, moved from Jamaica to defining diversity and identity. For some, as for TCKs, ‘culture’ may Britain as a young boy. Her mother, Hortense, was bom in Britain be something defined by shared experience rather than shared as the child of Jamaican immigrants who always planned to nationality or ethnicity. In telling their stories and developing new repatriate ‘one day’. While Elizabeth began life in Britain, her dad’s models for our changing world, many will be able to recognise international career took the family to the United States, then to and use well the great gifts of a cross-cultural childhood and deal Venezuela and back to living in three different cities in the U.S. She successfully with the challenges for their personal, communal and soon realised that while racial diversity may be recognised, the corporate good. hidden cultural diversity of her life remained invisible. Despite such complexities, however, most ATCKs say their experience of growing up among different cultural worlds has given them many priceless gifts. They have seen the world and often learnt several languages. More importantly, through friendships that cross the usual racial, national or social barriers, they have also learned the very different ways people see life. This offers a great opportunity to become social and cultural bridges between worlds that traditionally would never connect. ATCK Mikel Jentzsch. author of a best-selling book in Germany, Bloodbrothers - OurFriendsh с.. Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 There is a close connection betw een careers and the num ber of TCKs. 2 An increasing num ber of people describe them selves as TCKs. 3 Ruth Hill Useem studied children in several countries. 4 Ruth Hill Useem defined the third culture as a m ixture of two parents’ original cultures. 5 Brice Royer feels that he has benefited greatly from living in many different countries. 6 Elizabeth D unbar felt that she had a culture that was different from m ost people’s. Questions 7-13 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. THIRD CULTURE KIDS - ADVANTAGES AND RESULTS Area Advantage for ATCKs Possible result Friendships know how different people can act as bridges between worlds 7 ...................... that are usually separate Business creative thinking may cause 8 ...................... among certain people can lead to 9 ...................... despite similarities Whole experience knowledge of many cultural can teach us about problems faced by worlds and a great deal of 1 1 of all kinds 10 ................................... current ideas of what both 1 2 mean may be considered wrong belief that culture depends on 13 Starting somewhere new ( 9Writing Task 1 Look at this Writing task and decide w hich of the statements below are correct or not. Write Yes or No. О Look at the chart below. Which of the descriptions, A-С, correctly matches the chart? The chart below gives information about the level Why are the other descriptions not appropriate? o f education o f Bulgarian people who wanted to go and live in another country in 2002, 2006 and A The chart below shows levels of emigration from 2008. Bulgaria in the 15-60 age group in 2001 and 2006. Summ arise the information by selecting and reporting the m ain features, and m ake В The chart below shows the plans of Bulgarian comparisons where relevant. people aged 15-60 concerning leaving Bulgaria and living or working in another country in Level of education of Bulgarians planning 2001 and 2006. to leave Bulgaria С The chart below compares reasons why ioo%----------------------------------------------------------------- Bulgarians aged 15-60 decided to leave Bulgaria in 2001 and 2006. 90% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emigration intentions, Bulgarians aged 15-60, 80% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2001 & 2006 [ 2002 I Г 2006П ) ( 2008 J | H igher education | S econdary education Ц P rim ary and lo w e r education ^.................................... ...................................... .......J 0 Answer these questions about the chart. 1 The figure for people w ith higher education level fell in both 2006 and 2008.......... 1 W hat did m ost Bulgarians aged 15-60 plan to do in both y e a rs? .................................................. 2 One of the categories was the highest in every year.......... 2 Which categories were higher in 2006 than in 2001? ......................... 3 Two of the categories rose in 2006.......... 4 One of the categories was lower in 2008 3 W hat was the lowest category in 2001? th an in 2002.......... 4 W hat happened in the category of people 5 The figure for people w ith prim ary and intending to live abroad permanently? lower education rose each year.......... 5 W hich categories were higher in 2001 th an in 6 The figure for secondary education was a 2 0 0 6 ? .................................................. lot lower in 2008 th an in 2006.......... Now write your answer for the Writing task in Exercise 3.Grammar Making comparisons -» О This email is from Krishna, who has gone to live abroad. Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjective or adverb in brackets. Hi Neha, W e ll, I've b e e n h e re fo r a m o n th n o w a n d th in g s a re fin e . O f course, e v e ry th in g h e re is d iffe r e n t fro m w h a t I'm used to , a n d I'm fin d in g som e th in g s ( 1 ) .........msm.......... (easy) to d e a l w ith th a n others. T h e course is ( 2 ) ................................ (d e m a n d in g ) th a n I e x p e c te d a n d I'm h a v in g to w o rk ( 3 ) ..................................(h a rd ) th a n I ever h a ve b e fo re . ( 4 ) ................................ (d iffic u lt) a sp e c t o f th e course is th e a m o u n t o f w o rk w e h a v e to do. Last w e e k I h a d to w r ite fiv e essays - th a t's ( 5 ) ................................ (tirin g ) th in g I've e ver d o n e ! T h e best a sp e c t o f th e course is th e o th e r stu d en ts. T h e y 're ( 6 ) ................................ (frie n d ly ) p e o p le I've e v e r m e t a n d because o f th e m I'm ( 7 ) ................................ (stressed) n o w th a n I w a s th e firs t w e e k o f th e course. Lots o f thin gs have ch an g ed fo r m e in com parison w ith m y life a t hom e. I h a v e to tra v e l ( 8 ) ................................ (fa r) to co lleg e, a lo t o f th in g s a re ( 9 ) ................................ (expensive) a n d th e w e a th e r is a lo t (1 0 ) ..................................(b a d )! T h e city is (1 1 )................................ (b ig ) th a n a n y w h e r e I've lived b e fo re a n d life is ( 1 2 )................................ (fas t) h ere. I've n e ve r b e en (1 3 ).................................. (busy) th a n I a m n o w b u t this is (1 4 ) ................................ (e xcitin g ) th in g I've ever don e and I'm really pleased th a t I'm here! I'll w r ite to y o u ( 1 5 ) ................................ (re g u la r) in fu tu re . Love, Krishna © Complete the first sentence with the comparative or superlative form of the word in brackets. Then complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1 a The town I come from is a lot (small) than this one. b This tow n i s ....b.i.g-g-er... th an the one I come from. 2 a Money is a problem because life here is .................... (expensive) th an life at home. b Money is a problem because life at home i s .................... th an life here. 3 a I a m .................... (old) person in my class. b The other people in my class a r e .................... th an me. 4 a The transport system here i s .................... (good) th an the one at home. b The transport system at home i s .................... th an the one here. 5 a People here s p e a k .................... (slow) th an people at home. b People at home s p e a k .................... th an people here. 6 a Moving to another country i s .................... (difficult) thing you can do! b N othing i s .................... th an m oving to another country. Starting somewhere new (llIt’s good for you! Reading Section 2 О Read through the article briefly. What does it m ainly contain? Circle A, В or C. A advice on healthy eating В facts about food and drink С criticism of the food industry 0 Now read the text carefully and answer Questions 1-13. A Most of us tend not to think about what we eat. Sure, С Other questions allow us to explore issues that we might have our favourite recipes, or worry about are relevant to everyone. For example, what’s the whether our food has been sprayed with pesticides, difference between sell-by dates and use-by dates? You but the processes and discoveries that have gone into might expect the answer to involve overcautious health its production remain a closed book. Some, however, and safety regulation. But it’s more complex than think differently. Why, they wonder, is frozen milk that. The shelf life of food is actually determined by yellow? Why does your mouth burn for longer when its manufacturers, although lab tests and government you eat chillies than when you eat mustard? And what guidelines also come into play. Food is tested would happen if you threw yourself into a swimming periodically, at various temperatures, to check the level pool full of jelly? of bacterial spoilage over a few hours or days - the warmer it is, the more likely your prawn sandwich is to В It was for such people that New Scientist developed make you ill. After the lab tests, producers set a use-by its ‘Last Word’ column, in which readers pose - and date or a best-before date. Fresh shellfish need to be answer - questions on all manner of abstruse scientific consumed by their use-by date (the date by which you issues, as they relate to everyday life. Many of the must eat them). But tinned beans will probably last long issues raised have simple answers. For the questions beyond their best-before date (the date by which it’s above, they would be: the riboflavin in milk begins best to eat them), although they might not taste as good to crystallise; it depends on your taste - the relevant as they once did. chemical in mustard is more easily washed away by your saliva; and, youd float, but don’t dive in headfirst! D The same research explains why even bottled mineral water, which had previously lain underground for decades, needs a best-before date. The problem isn’t the water, but the bottling process: either bacteria can be introduced that multiply and, over time, contaminate the water, or unpleasant chemicals, such as antimony, leach into the water from the plastic bottles.E Sometimes, this kind of scientific study takes us to Questions 1-7 some strange places. For example, we now know The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. that the amount of oxygen in the air inside green Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A -G from the list of headings below. - peppers is higher than in red (by a whopping 1.23 percent), probably due to the different rate at which i W hy a particular piece of inform ation is green peppers photosynthesise. The relevance of this given research is that green peppers will decay faster than red if kept in sunlight: higher oxygen levels provide ii An unsolved problem and a solution to a more resources to feed any bacteria that are present. problem Generally, cooler environments preserve food best - apart from tropical fruit. Banana skins, for example, iii Reasons that rem ain a mystery have evolved to survive in warm conditions, because iv A source of information for some people that is where they grow best. Anything below 13.3°C V Development work leading to a conclusion damages the membranes, releasing enzymes which vi Contrasting levels of interest in food lead to skin blackening. To avoid a mushy banana, vii The need to change a system keep it away from the chiller. viii Information connected with keeping F It is not just fears for our health that keep food certain kinds of food scientists busy. They are also involved in other areas. • ix How certain advice is decided on Their precision has, for example, also been applied X Ideas not put into practice to bottles - in particular, to the discovery that the optimum number of sharp pointy bits on a bottle cap 1 Paragraph A is 21. Go on, count them. Years of trial and error led 2 Paragraph В to the internationally accepted German standard DIN 3 Paragraph С 6099, which ensures that almost every bottle cap is 4 Paragraph D the same. This is because 21 is the ideal number when 5 Paragraph E you take into account the circumference of the cap, the 6 Paragraph F likelihood of its metal splitting, and the chances 7 Paragraph G of it sticking in the capping machine. So, next time you open a bottle with a cap on it, pay homage to those Questions 8-13 who bothered to find out, starting with William Painter, Choose TWO letters, A-E. in 1892. Questions 8-9 Which TWO of the following are explained by the G Of course, some researchers do care about the more writer in the text? serious stuff, driven by fear of the future and an ever- A why the ‘Last W ord’ colum n was created increasing population on a warming, land-impoverished В why use-by dates are more im portant than planet. Sadly, New Scientist’s correspondents concluded that there was no one foodstuff that could feed the sell-by dates world on its own. However, they did come up with a С how to prevent bacteria getting into bottled menu that could feed a family of four for 365 days a year, using only eight square metres of land. Rotating water crops (so that the soil didn’t lose one nutrient more D a way in which peppers are similar to bananas than any other) would be vital, as would ploughing E why most bottle caps have a common feature back dead plant matter and maintaining a vegetarian diet. After that, you would need to grow crops that take up very little space and grow vertically rather than horizontally, if possible.Questions 10-11 The speaker mentions a connection between Which TWO problems connected with food does health and fitness and the writer mention? A keeping employees. A confusing inform ation about the use of В employees’ performance. С a com pany’s reputation. pesticides W hat does the speaker say about the people В feeling pain when eating something attending the conference? С sell-by dates sometimes being inaccurate A Some of them may feel that there is not D feeling ill because of eating food after its best- much they can learn. before date В All of them have attended the conference E the effect of sunlight on green peppers before. Questions 12-13 С Most of them are familiar with the Which TWO of the following would a family of four need to do to feed itself every day o f the year, speakers. according to New Scientist? The speaker says that in the sessions, A use more than one piece of land participants will В grow the same crop all the time A work together in pairs. С put dead plants into the soil В pretend to have various roles. D plant only crops that grow very quickly С describe real events. E concentrate on crops that grow vertically Questions 6-10 Listening Section 2 Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions О Look at both tasks. When is the speaker talking? 6- 10. Circle A, В or C. 6 Setting Up a Fitness Centre A at the begining of a conference 7 Healthy Eating Schemes В during the planning of a conference 8 Transport Initiatives С at the end of a conference 9 Running Sports Teams 10 Conference Coordinator’s Office @ $3^ Now listen and answer Questions 1-10. Questions 1-5 Choose the correct letter, A, В or C. 1 The speaker says that the conference includes issues which A were requested by participants. В are seldom discussed. С cause disagreement. 2 The speaker says that in the past, this subject A caused problems in the workplace. В was not something companies focused on. С did not need to be addressed.Vocabulary 6 a There were some figures th at people didn’t expect in the report on the nation’s health. Word formation b There were some ................... figures in the 0 Complete each sentence with the correct form of report on the nation’s health. the word in brackets. 1 Healthy eating is a m atter of . so that Key vocabulary people know what to eat. (educate) © Complete the sentences below, then use the words to complete this crossword. 2 Yesterday s h e ...................... him for being too lazy to keep fit. (critic) 3 Even if exercise i s ...................... , it’s better than no exercise, (regular) 4 Going for a ru n on a ...................... day is a nice way to spend your time, (sun) 5 exercise is essential for everyone. (day) 6 Sometimes children don’t w ant to eat healthy food because of i t s ........................ (appear) 7 There is a connection betw een being healthy and having a high level o f ........................ (happy). 8 People who a r e ...................... can have health problems that fitter people don’t have, (active) 0 Complete the second sentence so that it has a Across sim ilar m eaning to the first. Use the correct form 3 Farmers who grow organic vegetables have to of the underlined word in the first sentence. using pesticides. 1 a The m anufacturers claim that the additives 4 F a rm in g ...................... are the ways farm ing is don’t do children any h a rm , done. 5 A fo o d ...................... is a small structure w here b The m anufacturers claim that the additives you can buy food, for example in a m arket or in are ... k&mfess.... to children. a street. 8 If food is grow n or p ro d u ce d ...................... , it 2 a There has been a dramatic rise in the number comes from the area nearby. of obese people in this country, Down 1 If som ething i s ...................... to happen, it will b The num ber of obese people in this country probably happen. has r is e n ........................ 2 If som ething i s ...................... , it is not natural. 6 goods are high-quality, expensive 3 a Food producers should make the information goods. on their products simpler. 7 C ro p ...................... are the am ount of crops b Food producers s h o u ld ...................... the produced in a particular place. information on their products. 4 a There were a lot of people running in the park. b There were a lot of in the park. 5 a I was surprised that I got fit so quickly, b It w a s ...................... to me that I got fit so quickly. It’s good for you! (Тб ;Writing Task 2 Q Read the following Writing task. Write about the following topic: 0 Complete the phrases below, that could be used in Some people say that in the modern world it is the W riting task, w ith the verbs in the box. very difficult for people to have a healthy lifestyle. Others, however, say that it is easy for people to cut make lose take have stay be healthy and fit if they want to be. work go lead do Discuss both these views and give your own 1 kave........health problems opinion. 2 a healthy life 3 fit Give reasons for your answ er and include any 4 you good relevant examples from your knowledge or 5 out in a gym experience. 6 action 7 down on unhealthy foods Below are three essay plans that candidates made 8 an effort for this question. W hich one is the best essay plan 9 on a diet for this question? Why is it the best one and why 10 try t o ...................... weight are the others not as good? 0 To w rite a good answ er, you need to use lin k in g Paragraph 1: introduce the issue: healthy/ Paragraph 2: unhealthy lifestyles words and phrases. Complete the sentences below Paragraph 3: why some people have unhealthy with the words and phrases in the box. Paragraph 4: lifestyles Paragraph 5: more reasons for unhealthy and unfit in fact also as a result over time people another in particular on the other hand what people can do to be healthy and fit ■ 1 If you exercise regularly, . oyer J m e . . you will fi conclusion: it’s easy to be healthy and that your general health improves. fit 2 People use their cars instead of walking. В introduction: why it’s easy to have a , they get very little exercise. Paragraph 1: healthy lifestyle what I do to stay fit and healthy 3 It is easy to buy healthy food in shops nowadays. Paragraph 2: some advice on healthy eating , some of it is quite expensive. Paragraph 3: conclusion: anyone can be fit and Paragraph 4: healthy if they want to be 4 Lack of exercise is one problem for some people. is the am ount of junk food they eat. Paragraph 1: introduce the subject: problem of Paragraph 2: unhealthy lifestyles 5 There are gyms where people can get fit and the Paragraph 3: reasons why some people have a r e ...................... ways of getting fit at home. Paragraph 4: unhealthy lifestyles Paragraph 5: examples of unhealthy food and 6 Some people th in k it’s difficult to get fit. Paragraph 6: eating , it can be very easy. why some people aren’t fit the results for people of hawng 7 Many p e o p le ,...................... office workers, have j unhealthy lifestyles that involve sitting in the sam e place all day. conclusion: it’s a big problem Q Now w rite your a n sw e r for th e W riting task abov< 16) Unit 2Grammar © Circle the correct option in each of these sentences. Countable and uncountable nouns 1 She does(gientyt ~of) / much exercise and she’s О Complete the sentences below with the plural or very fit. uncountable form of the words in the box. 2 T here’s a large / great deal of pollution in this group research job way city at this time of year. knowledge w ork programme equipment information suggestion 3 It took me a lot o f / m any tim e to get fit again after my injury. 1 More and more people nowadays are following fitness . p r . Q . f f . 4 There is plenty / a wide range of fitness courses that you can do. 2 It is easy to f in d ...................... on how to stay fit and healthy. 5 Bad diets cause a large amount / number of health problems. 3 People w ith se d e n ta ry ...................... spend all day sitting down. 6 Few / Little people these days think that fitness is unim portant. 4 According t o ...................... , the percentage of overweight people is growing. 7 A small am ount / num ber of junk food isn’t bad for you. 5 This booklet contains m any u s e fu l...................... on how to keep fit. 8 It doesn’t take much / m any effort to stay fit if you w ant to do it. 6 Some people prefer to exercise i n ...................... and so they join fitness classes. 9 My grandfather is very lucky. He has few / a few problems with his health. 7 At our gym, we have all the latest fitness for people to use. 10 Even a few / a little exercise would be good for you. 8 Scientists are always increasing their of how the body works. © Correct the underlined nouns if necessary. Put a tick ( / ) above the noun if it is correct. 9 This book suggests a num ber o f ...................... to help you lose weight. i - n - f o r M f io-n 10 My sister is looking f o r ...................... at a health 1 People don’t get m uch inform ations on w hat is centre as a receptionist. really in certain food products. 2 You don’t need a large am ount of equipm ents to do varied exercise routines. 3 People are given a lot of advices about how to have healthy lifestyles. 4 Junk food does a lot of dam ages to people’s healths. 5 A nutritionist can give people good advice on their eating habits. 6 Using the latest softwares, experts analyse sportsmen when they are training. 7 People who do office work need to find wav of keeping fit. 8 People sometimes need help to solve problem with their weight.Getting the message across Listening Section 3 Questions 5-8 Q Look at all of the tasks. What are the speakers Which comments do the speakers make about talking about? Circle A, В or C. each section of the dissertation? A a dissertation the student is planning В a dissertation the student is w riting Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the С a dissertation the student has completed correct letter, A-F, next to Questions 5-8. © Now listen and answer Questions 1-10. Sections of Dissertation Questions 1-4 Dealing with Complaints ........ Choose TWO letters, A-E. Questions 1-2 6 Collaborating with Colleagues ........ Which TWO areas of work did Beth include in her dissertation? 7 Interacting with Managers ........ A retail В banking 8 Giving Instructions ........ С call centres D tourism A There is not enough evidence. E translation В The conclusion is confusing. С It highlights a real problem. Questions 3-4 D It is particularly well organised. Which TWO aspects of the dissertation were E There are too many examples. impressive, according to the tutor? F It includes new ideas. A sum m ary of academic research В analysis of videos С observation of live interactions D interviews E analysis of data on the outcomes Questions 9-10 Answer the question below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Which TWO aspects of communication does Beth emphasise in her conclusion?Vocabulary Teach, learn or stu dy? Find o u t or kn ow ? ♦ ^ S tu d e n t’s Book unit 3, p28 © Correct the underlined verbs if necessary. Put a tick ( /) , above the verb if it is correct. О Complete this paragraph about a piece of college work with the words in the box. You may need to f&AC-k form a plural noun for some gaps. 1 Could you learn me how to change this picture on evaluation extract weakness my computer? finding assig nm ent structure 2 Researchers have found out exactly why this happens. assessment feature 3 I learnt a lot from doing that course. 4 I haven’t been able to know m uch inform ation on this topic. 5 I handed in my work last week but I don’t learn w hat m ark I got. 6 We had to learn hard because we had to w rite lots of essays. 7 If I study hard, I’m sure I’ll do well. 8 Nobody taught me how to do this, I found out for myself. Key vocabulary © Complete the second sentences with one word so that they are sim ilar in m eaning to the first sentences. I’ve just done a big (1) concerning language skills in various countries. To do this, 1 How languages are learnt is an interesting subject. I read short ( 2 )...................... from various long Language is an interesting subject. reports and I had to list the ( 3 )...................... of 2 English isn’t his first language. various research projects. I paid careful attention He isn’t a ...................... speaker of English. to the (4 )...................... of my report because it had 3 It took me about five hours. to be well organised in clear sections. One of my It took me more o r ...................... five hours. ( 5 ) ...................... is that my work is sometimes 4 This kind of work isn’t easy for me. not clear and well organised. When we’ve I don’t ...................... this kind of work easy. completed a piece of work, we are encouraged 5 She doesn’t belong to the Drama Club any more. to do self- ( 6 ) ...................... to see if we find She n o ...................... belongs to the Drama Club. anything we can improve in our work, and then 6 I th in k he’s trying to lose weight. we have a system of peer (7 )...................... and I th ink he’s on a ........................ comment on each other’s work. One of the main 7 It’s im portant to include statistical evidence in ( 8 ) ...................... of my work is a comparison your work. between the number of people who are literate T h e ...................... of statistical evidence in your and the number who can’t read or write in work is important. various countries. 8 The im portant thing is that you get a good degree. W h a t...................... is that you get a good degree. Getting the message across (l9)Reading Section 3 of the English language, studying how words had changed their meaning and how grammar had evolved. 0 Read through the article briefly and look at Language had become not just a tool for me, but the second task, Questions 5-9. something of a hobby. In which paragraphs of the text will you find Can English, though, ever be fixed? Of course not: the information that you require to do this task? if you read a passage from Chaucer you will see that the meaning of words and the framework of grammar 0 Now read the article carefully and answer has shifted over the centuries, and both will continue Questions 1-14. to evolve. But we have had a standard dictionary now ever since the OED was completed in 1928, and STRICTLY ENGLISH learned men, many of whom contributed to the OED, wrote grammars a century ago that settled a pattern of British newspaper columnist Simon Heffer talks about language that was logical and free from the danger of his new book, ‘Strictly English: the Correct Way to ambiguity. Write... and Why It M atters’, aimed at native speakers It is to these standards that I hope Strictly English is For the last couple of years I have sent a round-robin looking. Our language is to a great extent settled and email to my colleagues at this newspaper every few codified, and to a standard that people recognise and weeks pointing out to them mistakes that we make in are comfortable with. All my book does is describe our use of the English language. Happily, these are and commend that standard, and help people towards reasonably rare. The emails have been circulated on a capable grasp of the English tongue. We shall always the Internet - and are now available on the paper’s need new words to describe new things; but we don’t website - and one of them ended up in the inbox of a need the wrong word to describe the right thing, when publisher at Random House about this time last year. the right word exists. Also, English grammar shouldn’t He asked me whether I would write a book not just on be a matter for debate. It has a coherent and logical what constituted correct English, but also why it matters. structure and we should stick to it. The former is relatively easy to do, once one has armed oneself with the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and Some groups of people - state officials, academics, some reputable grammar books by way of research lawyers, certain breeds of scientist - talk to each materials. The latter, being a matter for debate, is less other in a private language. Some official documents straightforward. make little sense to lay people because they have to be written in a language that combines avoidance I suppose my own interest in language started at school. of the politically incorrect with constant use of Having studied French, Latin and Greek, I saw clearly the contemporary jargon of the profession. Some how those languages had exported words into our own. articles written by academics in particular are almost When I studied German later on, I could see even incomprehensible to those outside their circle. This is more clearly why it was the sister tongue and what an not because the outsiders are stupid. It is because the enormous impact it had had on English. I saw that words academics feel they have to write in a certain stilted, had specific meanings and that, for the avoidance of dense way in order to be taken seriously by their peers. doubt, it was best to use them in the correct way. Most of all, I became fascinated by grammar, and especially Many officials seem to have lost the knack of by the logic that drove it and that was common to all the communicating with people outside their closed world. other languages I knew. I did not intend in those days to earn a living by writing; but I was keen to ensure that my use of English was, as far as possible, correct. Studying English at university forced me to focus even more intently on what words actually meant: why would a writer choose that noun rather than another and why that adjective - or, in George Orwell’s case, often no adjective at all. Was the ambiguity in a certain order of words deliberate or accidental? The whole question of communication is rooted in such things. For the second part of my degree I specialised in the historySome academics, however, are bilingual. If asked Questions 5-9 to write for a publication outside the circle - such as a newspaper - they can rediscover the knack Conyjlete the sum m ary using the list of words, of writing reasonably plain English. They do not A-H, below. indulge themselves in such a fashion when they write for learned journals. It is almost as though The rules of English the purpose of such writing is not to be clear: that the writer is recording research in order to prove to According to the writer, the English language peers or superiors that he has discovered something. should not be considered something 5 ....... , It does not seem to bother such people that their and this will always be the case. However, there style is considered ugly and barbaric by anyone of have been accepted reference books for over a discernment. It is repetitious, long-winded, abstract century that were produced by 6 ....... people, and and abstruse. Those who write in such a way these have established a system for the language probably will not easily be discouraged, unless what that enables people to express themselves in a is considered acceptable within their disciplines completely clear way. changes. In his own book, the writer aims to describe and The ideal style is one comprehensible to any support the established rules of the language that intelligent person. If you make a conscious decision are in 7 ....... use and that people are accustomed to communicate with a select group, so be it: but in to. He also wants his book to be 8 ....... as a way trying to appeal to a large audience, or even a small - of improving people’s ability at the language. He one that you wish to be sure will understand your believes that there is no reason why someone’s meaning, writing of the sort mentioned above will use of vocabulary should not be correct and that not do. This sort of writing used to be kept from the grammar should not be a 9 ....... subject. In his general public thanks to the need to find someone to view, a system of grammar rules exists and people publish it. The advent of the Internet means that it is should always obey those rules. now much more widespread than it used to be; and the fact that it is now so common and so accessible A simple E knowledgeable means that this sort of writing is having a harmful В general F compulsory effect on the language and causing it to be corrupted. С controversial G historic D permanent H useful Questions 1-4 --------------------------------------------------------------------- Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the reading passage? Questions 10-14 Write Choose the correct letter, А, В, С or D. YES if the statem ent agrees with the 10 The w riter says that some groups of people use views of the writer a ‘private language’ because NO if the statement contradicts the A they do not w ant outsiders to be able to views of the writer understand them. NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the В they want to show their superiority over writer thinks about this other groups. 1 The mistakes made by his colleagues are С they w ant to impress other m em bers of m inor ones. their group. 2 It is difficult to explain why using correct D they do not want to use the same language English is important. as other groups. 3 English gram m ar has a different function from 11 According to the writer, some academ ics are the gram m ar of other languages. capable of 4 Word order may be as im portant as the choice A m aking sense to people outside their group. of words used. В w riting very clearly for learned journals. С changing the way they communicate within their own group. D explaining other people’s work to the general public. Getting the message across (2112 W hen discussing the w riting of academics 5 I ...................... on the student com m ittee for two about their research, the writer emphasises years but I it a few m onths ago A his own lack of knowledge of the academic world. because I ...................... enough time. В his desire to understand what they 6 I ...................... on this project for three weeks describe. and I’m m aking good progress. С his sympathy for some of the academics. D his dislike for the style used in their 7 I ...................... a few m istakes in the essay I writing. ...................... yesterday. 13 The w riter says that the kind of language used 8 I ...................... my nam e on the list for the by academics in journals college trip and I’m looking forward to it. A is becoming more widely understood by non-academics. Prepositions Q Student's Book unit 3, p36 В is attracting a lot of criticism from other academics. © Look at the graph from a communication company’s report. Complete the sentences С will only change if they are forced to with the correct prepositions. change it. M obile phone sales 2010 D appeals only to highly intelligent people. 5,000 .................................................................................................................................... 14 The w riter’s opinion of the Internet is that A it is m aking people more aware of the poor use of language. В it is encouraging standards of language use to fall. С it is enabling people to compare good and poor use of language. D it is m aking it harder for good'w riting to get published. I_____________________________________________ Grammar ( Jan in F i T l f M a r ) ( ~ Л р Л ( M ay )f Jun )( Jul )(~ *iii~ X S ept )( O ct ) ( No» j( Dec Tenses 1 Sales of mobile phones showed a small rise m .... April. 0 Complete these statements by IELTS candidates, using the past sim ple, present perfect or present 2 The lowest sales were in the p e rio d ............. perfect continuous forms of the verbs in the M a rc h ............. June. box. You may need to use a negative verb in some gaps. 3 M arch, sales of mobile phones fe ll............. 1,500. have get find w rite put give be work look make study leave 4 This m eant th at sales fe ll............. 25% comparec with the previous month. 1 I ....... g-cj.........a very good m ark for my essay last week. 5 a six-month period, there was a rise ............. the num ber of new products launched., 2 I’m very busy because my t u to r ...................... me a very difficult piece of work to do. 6 October and December, there was an in c re a s e ............. 6 0 % .............. sales of phones. 3 I ...................... for a book on this subject for days but I ...................... one yet. 7 Sales of mobile phones r o s e .............2 ,5 00 ............. 4 ,0 0 0 .............. th at period. 4 1 this subject before, so I don’t know m uch about it. 8 M onthly sales p e a k e d ............. 4 ,0 0 0 ................. December.Writing Task 1 4 The lowest vocabulary for any children aged 36 m onths is nearly ..................... words and the О Which of these descriptions best matches the highest is approxim ately...................... words. graphs below? Circle A, В or C. 5 The vocabulary of children in higher-talking A The graphs below give information on the fam ilies rises very steeply from the age of num ber of words spoken to children in various categories of family and the size of the 6 Children in t h e ...................... fam ilies reach a vocabulary of those children. vocabulary of 200 words at approximately the age of 26 m onths. В The graphs below compare the num ber of words children in different categories of family can © Which of the following is the best overview of the understand w ith the num ber of words they use. information in the two graphs? Circle A, В or C. A Young children in families that talk a lot С The graphs below show rises in the vocabulary increase their vocabulary much more quickly levels of both young children and older people in th an young children in fam ilies that don’t talk different categories of family. so much. Total words spoken to child В The vocabulary of young children increases rapidly even if their families do not talk to them very much. Age of child in months Lo w e st-ta lkin g fam ilies С The increase in a young child’s vocabulary is not always linked to the am ount of talking their ■ ■ ■ H ig h e r-ta lkin g fa m ilie s ■ ■ ■ ■ Low e r-ta lkin g fam ilies fam ilies do. C hildren’s total v ocab u lary siz e О Look at this Writing task and write your answer. The table below gives the results of two surveys, in 1997 and 2006, in which people were asked which communication skills were essential in their jobs. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. W hich com m unication skills are essential in your job? (Survey 1997 & 2006) Гл P e rcentage of 1 p e o p le a sked I Communication: External ^ 1997 2006 j Knowledge of particular products or services 35 41 © Complete these sentences about the graphs with Selling a product or service 24 21 the correct information. Advising or caring for customers or clients 36 39 1 The num ber of words spoken to children in ...................... fam ilies rises from about 10 m illion Dealing with people 60 65 to over 30 m illion betw een the ages of 12 m onths and 36 months. I Communication: Internal (within company) 25 30 Instructing or training people 2 The highest num ber of words spoken to any children aged 48 m onths is approximately Persuading or influencing others 16 21 3 Children a g e d ...................... in the lowest-talking Making speeches or presentations 7 11 fam ilies hear approxim ately 10 m illion words. Analysing problems together with others 20 26 Planning the activities of others 14 15 Listening carefully to colleagues 38 47 Getting the message across (23)New media not thinking the way I used to think,’ writes Carr. ‘ I feel it most strongly when I’m reading.’ Years of internet use Reading Section 1 have, he suspects, dented his a b ility to read deeply, to absorb him self in books: ‘My brain wasn’t just drifting. It О Read through the article briefly. Then read was hungry. It was dem anding to be fed the way the net Questions 1-6 and answer the following question. fed it.’ He describes getting fidgety when faced w ith a In which paragraphs will you find the, information long text: ‘W hen we go online, we enter an environm ent that you need to do this task?...................... that promotes cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking, and superficial learning.’ 0 Now read the text carefully and answer Carr cites research by Gary Small, a professor of Questions 1-13. psychiatry at UCLA, who concluded that constant exposure to modern media strengthens new neural IS CONSTANT USE OF ELECTRONIC pathways while weakening older ones. Just five hours MEDIA CHANGING OUR MINDS? o f internet use is enough to awaken previously dorm ant parts o f the brain’s pre-fontal cortex, concluded Small. The power of modern electronic media - the net, mobile For Carr, this is p ro o f that the net can rew ire the m ind. He phones and video games - to capture the attention of sees dangers. Deep thought, the a bility to immerse oneself the human mind, particularly the young mind, and then in an area o f study, to follo w a narrative, to understand distract it, has lately become a subject of concern. We an argum ent and develop a critique, is giving way to are, say the w orriers, losing the a bility to apply ourselves skimming. Young users of the Internet are good at drawing p ro p e rly to a single task, like reading a book in its entirety together inform ation for a school project, for example, but or mastering a piece of music on an instrument, w ith the that does not mean they have digested it. result that o ur thinking is becom ing shallower. Nicholas Carr, the American science writer, has explored But is a changing m ind a m ore stupid one? Jake Vigdor this them e fo r his new book, The Shallows, in w hich he and Helen Ladd are researchers at Duke University, North argues that new media are not just changing our habits Carolina. In a study spanning five years and involving but o ur brain too. It turns out that the mature human brain more than 100,000 children, they discovered a correlation is not an im m utable seat o f personality and intellect but between declining test scores in both mathematics a changeable thing, subject to ‘neuroplasticity’/W h e n our and reading and the spread of home computers and activities alter, so does the architecture o f o ur brain. ‘I’m broadband. ‘The decline in scores was in the order of one or tw o percent but it was statistically significant,’ says Vigdor. ‘The d ro p may not be that great but one can say that the increase in com puter use was certainly not positive.’ The cut-off year for the study was 2005, when socialising was more prim itive. Since then, social netw orking sites have become enorm ously pow erful consumers of young people’s time. Vigdor and Ladd concluded that the educational value of home computing was best realised when youngsters were actively supervised by parents. This tendency to skim is com pounded by the tem ptation o f new media users to ‘m ulti-task’. Watch a youngster on a computer and he could be Facebook-ing while burning a CD or Tweeting on his m obile phone. M odern management tends to prom ote m ulti-tasking as an expression o f increased efficiency. Science, on the other hand, does not. The human brain is, it seems, not at all good at multi-tasking - unless it involves a highly developed skill like driving. David Meyer, a neuroscientistat the U niversity o f Michigan, says: ‘The bottom line is that Questions 1-6 you can’t simultaneously be thinking about your tax return and reading an essay, just as you can’t talk to yourself DcHhe following statements agree with the about tw o things at once. People may think otherw ise but information given in the reading passage? it’s a myth. W ith complicated tasks, you w ill never, ever be able to overcome the inherent lim itations in the brain.’ Write ч Paying attention is the prerequisite o f m em ory: the sharper TRUE if the statement agrees with the the attention, the sharper the memory. Cursory study born information of the know ledge that inform ation is easily available online results, say the w orriers, in a failure to digest it. In addition, FALSE if the statement contradicts the the brain needs rest and recovery time to consolidate information thoughts. Teenagers who fill every moment with a text or Tweet are not allowing their minds necessary downtim e. NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this All rather w orrying, but is it that bad? 1 Some people believe that modern electronic We have been here before, of course. The Ancient Greeks media only have a negative effect on young lamented the replacement of the oral tradition with written people. text, and the explosion in book ow nership resulting from the p rinting press was, fo r some, a disaster. In the 18th 2 Nicholas C arr’s book on the subject is a century, a French statesman railed against a new device bestseller. that turned people into ‘dispersed’ individuals, isolated in ‘sullen silence’. He was talking about the newspaper. 3 Nicholas Carr believes that electronic media have affected his enjoyment of reading books. The net is supposed to consume the lives o f young people, yet the only reliable studies about the time spent online, 4 Gary Small’s research supports Nicholas C arr’s collated by the W orld Health Organization, suggest beliefs. children spend between tw o and four hours in fro nt of screens, including television screens, and not six or seven, 5 M anagement beliefs on multi-tasking are as often suggested. Moreover, there is evidence that proved correct by scientific research. youngsters who use social networking sites have more rewarding offline social lives than those w ho do not. 6 David M eyer’s views on the lim itations of the brain have caused controversy. A study on children and new technology in the UK included a ‘study o f studies’ by Professor David Questions 7-10 Buckingham o f the University of London’s Institute of Complete the notes below. Education. He concluded: ‘Broadly speaking, the evidence Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR about the effects o f new media is weak and inconclusive - A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. and this applies to both positive and negative effects.’ Vigdor and Ladd’s research Certainly the ‘o ld ’ media don’t seem to be doing that badly. An annual survey shows that sales o f children’s books this • looked at over 7 ...................... year were 4.9 per cent greater than last year, w ith more than 60 m illion sold. The damage, if any, done by excessive • found that lower 8 ...................... and home com puter tim e may not be so much to do w ith w hat is computer use were linked being done online as what is being missed - tim e spent w ith fam ily or playing in trees w ith friends. • indicated that the effects of greater home computer use could not be described as 9 ...................... • concluded that 1 0 ...................... should be involved in home computer use New media (25Questions 11-13 f Answer the questions below. Questions 6-10 Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR Complete the flow chart below. A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. 11 W hich invention was criticised by an 18th Blogging Workflow - Advice century French politician? 12 According to studies that can be trusted, Decide what the 6 ...................... of your posts will be w hat is the m axim um am ount of tim e per day that children spend looking at screens? ♦ 13 W hich products have becom e more popular recently? Do some reading before starting a post Listening Section 4 * О You w ill hear an expert giving a talk on blogs. As you compose the post, keep a record of Look at Questions 6-10 and answer the following 7 and links question. Which three questions need a noun ♦ to fill the gap?...................... After creating the post, add some tags to it to @ ^ Now listen and answer Questions 1-10. improve searchability Questions 1-5 ♦ Complete the sum m ary below. Write ONE OR TWO WORDS for each answer. Use social networking sites to 8 ...................... a post you think is outstanding Blogs and the History of Blogging I A blog can perhaps be best described as a website that consists of a kind of journal that is regularly Look at the 9 ...................... relating to the post updated. Blogs cover a very wide variety of topics and many of them are personal diaries. I Blogs are usually not 1 ...................... because they have interactive elements, which may lead to Don’t simply say 1 0 ...................... to people who friendships or even 2 ...................... relationships have responded to your post between people. ♦ The first ‘blog’ was probably created in 1994 by a student and he called it his ‘3 ...................... Go on to other blogs and leave comments. Similar websites were then created and these included both links and 4 ........................ In 1999, someone changed the term used for these websites by creating the phrase ‘5 ...................... ’, and therefore invented the term ‘blog’. 26) Unit 4Vocabulary Key vocabulary Cause, factor and reason © Complete the sentences below with the verbs in О Complete the sentences w ith causes, reasons or the Ъох. Two of the verbs do not fit into any of the gaps. factors. do experiment reveal launch evolve transform 1 Illegal internet downloading is one of the m ain carry attract turn lack restrict d iscourage ...................... of the problem s faced by record 1 Parents try to ..disaoumgz... their children from companies. using'com puters too much. 2 One of t h e ...................... why fewer people buy 2 Did people realise that computers would newspapers these days is that they can read them online. com pletely...................... the way we live? 3 Some children who spend a lot of tim e on 3 W hen considering w hich computer to get, reliability is one of the k e y ........................ com puters m a y ...................... the incentive to go out and m ake friends face to face. 4 Children like com puter games for a num ber of 4 Stories about the dangers of internet use ...................... , for example, because the graphics ...................... attention w hen they appear in the are exciting. media. 5 E x p e rts...................... a lot of research on how 5 The results of this problem are know n but what people use computers. are t h e ...................... ? 6 S tatistics...................... that some children spend many hours a day in front of screens. 6 Price and num ber of applications are among 7 Some parents try t o ...................... the am ount of t h e ...................... that determ ine how popular a time their children use the Internet. digital product becomes. 8 W henever c o m p an ies...................... new games consoles, children w ant to buy them. ^ S t u d e n t ’s B ook u n it 4, p42 9 Children like t o ...................... w ith new gadgets to find out w hat they can do. @ Complete the sentences about internet use with 10 How will the way people use computers the jumbled words in the box. over the next few decades? WBOESR CUHOT NODDAWLO Ш ETAD SIVTI HRCAERSE ITGKNREOWN • I often (1 )...... Crhr&t.......to friends on a social (2 ) site. I like to keep up to (3 ) w ith w hat everyone’s doing and I check the site for messages several tim es a day. • I need to ( 4 ) ...................... this topic and I’m going to ( 5 ) ........ ..............various docum ents from a num ber of places. • I often ( 6 ) ...................... the Internet for long periods of tim e and ( 7 ) ...................... lots of different sites. • I use internet news sites to keep in ( 8 ) .............. ....... w ith world events. ! New media (27Writing Task 2 D how the use of electronic media can О Read this Writing task and underline the affect personal relationships ........... main points. E which forms of electronic m edia are the most expensive ........... Write about the following topic: The use of electronic media has a negative effect F a comparison between young people and on personal relationships between people. older people ........... To w hat extent do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answ er and include any G how people interact using electronic media relevant examples from your knowledge or experience. H a prediction about future use of electronic m edia ........... 0 W hich of these notes for the above task are relevant and could be included in an answer and which are not? Write Yes or No. A people don’t speak to each other face to face В people som etim es don’t read or reply to emails and texts ........... С some electronic gadgets quickly becom e old- fashioned ........... D some people make lots of friends on social netw orking site s........... E some electronic gadgets are more popular than others ........... F people sometimes send messages without thinking first ........... G people can keep in touch regularly using electronic m edia ........... H some people don’t know how to use electronic m edia ........... О Now write your answer for the Writing task above 0 What m ust your answer include? Write Yes or No in the spaces next to each choice. A a m ention of at least one kind of electronic m edia ........... В your opinion on whether the statement is true or not ........... С your favourite kinds of electronic m edia ...........Grammar 4 A However internet research is useful, it’s not always the best kind of research. However, although, even and on the other hand В Internet research is useful on the other hand ^ S t u d e n t 's B ook u n it 4, p44 * it’s not always the best kind of research. О Decide which of the following sentences about С Even though internet research is useful, it’s using the Internet for research is correct. not always the best kind of research. Sometimes more than one choice may be correct. A rticles 1 A The Internet is often a good place for research, however other sources of 0 Choose the correct options. information can be better. 1 I really w ant to go to а /а п university in the U.S. В Although the Internet is often a good place 2 A / The music industry in Britain wants the / а for research, other sources of information can be better. government to stop illegal downloading. 3 I spend а / an hour on Facebook every morning С The Internet is often a good place for research. Even though, other sources of before I go to college. information can be better. 4 My sister starts a / - university in September. 5 Can you im agine the / - life w ithout an / the 2 A There’s a lot of inform ation on the Internet. On the other hand, some of it isn’t accurate. Internet? 6 I found a / the brilliant website last night. I’ve В There’s a lot of inform ation on the Internet. Although, some of it isn’t accurate. em ailed all my friends about the / a site. 7 Do you have the / - argum ents w ith your family С There’s a lot of inform ation on the Internet. However, some of it isn’t accurate. about who can use your home computer? 8 The / A first thing to do when you want to start 3 A You can find a lot of useful inform ation on the web, although it can take a long tim e to a blog is to decide on the topic. find it. 9 - / The quickest way to contact the / - friends is В You can find a lot of useful inform ation on by texting them. the web, even though it can take a long time 10 - / The young are always keen to try new to find it. technology. С You can find a lot of useful inform ation on the web however it can take a long tim e to © Complete the following paragraph w ith a, an, the find it. or - (if there is no article). ! It is extraordinary how quickly (1 )...Ike-. ... Internet and email have become (2 )............. enormous part of everyone’s lives. Not so many years ago, people didn’t have (3 )............. PCs and (4 ).............. computers were very big objects that only existed in ( 5 )............. big companies and organisations. When it was ( 6 )............. new invention, only (7 )............. rich could afford ( 8 ).............. PC. But now almost everyone has (9 )............. home computer and they have changed (10)............. people’s lives. Instead of making (11)............. phone call or writing (12)............. letter, they send (13)............. email. They use them at (14).............. work and (15)............. children use them at (16)............. school. In a very short time, they have become (17)............. most important tool in (18)............. world. New media (29)The world in our hands Listening Section 1 О Look at the first task, Questions 1-6. Which questions might need a number only for the answ er?...................... © ^ Now listen and answer Questions 1-10. Questions 1-6 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. The Volunteer Agency • has recruited 1 ...................... people for environmental projects • project abroad involves doing 2 ...................... or going into the rain forest • major project for dealing with 3 ...................... in the countryside • project for improving conditions for 4 ...................... • 5 ...................... projects in urban areas • some projects do not have any 6 ...................... Questions 7-10 Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD for each answer. Name of organisation Numbers Example volunteer activity getting information about Wildlife Link 24,000 volunteers 7 ...................... of wildlife doing administrative work Wildlife Watch 300 8 .................... building 10...................... and walls 9 ...................... Earth 908 projectsVocabulary © Complete the sentences below connected with environmental issues, using words from the Nature, the environm ent or the countryside? wordsearch. Tourist or tou rism ? СLСHANGE S S I E Q Complete the sentences by putting nature, environment, countryside, tourist or tourism in D E s A T 0 VA T I NM each gap. E L s ВMT u R0 N В I 1 is the biggest industry in some SAY I 0 I p EPFES countries. T0 UT sw I N С0 T s 2 If you are a ‘resp o n sib le...................... you try R LHA p HLEA s I I to m ake sure that you don’t do dam age to the U N С T H I EWA S P 0 ...................... in the country you are visiting. С0 N S ERVAT I 0 N 3 People who lik e ...................... enjoy getting out of cities and going to t h e ........................ T UY RR0 E ВA LК s 4 From our room we had a wonderful view over I NTEEVLLS S I p sp e c ta c u la r........................ 0 L R I N G S EM I D s 5 Increases i n ......................can sometim es have a bad effect on places. N ( E N D A N G E R E D) 0 Key vocabulary 1 W hat can be done to protect the .....e-.udcmff&md..... species of the world before 0 Complete the sentences, using the nouns in the they die out? box. 2 Is it possible to cut down on the use of plant step drawback challenge fuels? infrastructure source 3 W h ic h ................................. energy sources can 1 Solving that environm ental problem is a big replace the energy sources currently used? ...акйЯ&гwg-6.. and will take a long time. 4 Is it possible to stop t h e ................................. of 2 You have to create a p ro p e r...................... for the rainforests? supply of alternative energy supplies. 5 Has the problem of c lim a te ................................. 3 W hat kind of p o w e r...................... should be built been caused by hum an activity? to supply energy? 6 A lot of damage is done when greenhouse gases 4 Can solar energy ever be a m a jo r...................... of are released into t h e ................................... electricity? 7 It is becom ing harder for some species to survive 5 The high cost is a m a jo r...................... of that in their n a tu r a l.................................... kind of power. 8 Scientists and designers are trying to design cars 6 After reducing emissions, the n e x t...................... w ith z e r o ................................... is to use alternative energy supplies. 9 There are w ild life ................................. programmes to protect various species. 10 There is some evidence that rising sea ................................. are happening in various parts of the world. ! The world in our hands (31Reading Section 2 О Read through the text about Russia’s boreal forests briefly and look at Questions 6-9. In which sections of the text are the scientists on the list m entioned?...................... @ Now read the text carefully and answer Questions 1-13. Russia’s boreal forests and С Jing Ming Chen, a University of Toronto geography professo wild grasses could combat who specialises in climate modelling for the boreal region, climate change says: ‘Cutting boreal trees increases the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and it takes 50 to 100 years to A Scientists believe Russia’s ancient forests are the put that carbon back in the ground.’ Luysaaert and Chen country’s best natural weapon against climate change, argue there’s a strong case for conserving the old-growth even though the stockpile of carbon beneath the ground forests. ‘It’s better to keep as much carbon in the forest also makes these areas vulnerable to carbon release. A as possible right now,’ Mr Luyssaert explains. ‘If we want recent study found that half the world’s carbon is stored to avoid irreversible processes like melting permafrost or within land in the permafrost region, about two-thirds of changing ocean currents, we absolutely have to control which lies in Russia. Overlying former glaciers, they are our emissions in the next two or three decades. It’s a case a coniferous mix called the boreal forest. ‘There’s a lot of where you need to be short-sighted to be far-sighted.’ ‘The carbon there and it’s very vulnerable,’ says Josep Canadell, threats to the boreal forests don’t seem significant right co-author of the study. ‘If the permafrost thaws, we could now,’ explains Nigel Roulet, a carbon cycle specialist at be releasing ten percent more carbon a year for several McGill University in Montreal, ‘but I’m convinced pressure centuries more than our previous models predicted. It’s will increase as the region gets warmer and it gets easier going to cost a lot to reduce our emissions by that much - to operate there. Also, I expect these resources to become but it will cost more in damage if we don’t.’ more valuable as others are exhausted.’ В The study was published in Global Biogeochemical D Scientists say Russia and Kazakhstan could make a Cycles. Researchers found that the region contains 1,672 unique contribution to the fight against global warming billion tons of organic carbon, much of it several feet by harvesting wild grasses that have overgrown 100,000 underground, that ‘would account for approximately square miles of agricultural lands abandoned in the 50 percent of the estimated global below-ground organic nineties, and using them to make ethanol - or, better carbon’. Another paper published in Nature found that yet, burn them in coal-fuelled power plants. According to old forests, which make up perhaps half of the boreal Nicolas Vuichard, principal author of a paper published in forest, ‘continue to accumulate carbon, contrary to the Environmental Science and Technology of Washington, DC, long-standing view that they are carbon-neutral’. Even using the grasses to make ethanol would sequester in the though fires and insect infestations destroy entire swaths ground, over 60 years, about 10 million tons of carbon a of forest and release into the atmosphere the carbon they year - one-quarter as dead root matter in the soil and the contain, old-growth forests still take in more than these rest in producing ethanol as a substitute for petroleum- natural disturbances release, says lead author Sebastiaan based fuels. ‘That’s not huge on a world scale, but it's Luyssaert, a biologist at the University of Antwerp in substantial,’ he says. Fossil fuels emit about eight billion Belgium. ‘This is all the more reason to protect Russia’s boreal forests,’ which take in 500 million tons of carbon • tons of carbon a year, of which about two billion tons are a year, or about one-fifth of the carbon absorbed by the absorbed by plants and soil. world's landmass, says Mr Canadell, who is executive director of the Global Carbon Project, based in Canberra.: ghelato, visiting research fellow at the Questions 6-9 .-r: : / of Reading and former chairman of the 1 : L=id Trust, agrees. ‘Given that it would take Look at the following statements (Questions 6-9) Шг: d's entire supply of arable land to replace a n d the list o f scientists below. p r * •:-thirds of our transport fuel needs,’ he says, ^ i are not a practicable long-term solution for Match each statem ent with the correct scientist, rars:zrtation emissions. What we need is carbon- A-D. % - '.5 But in the case of abandoned croplands, is r g grasses as biofuels could make a contribution,’ 6 More attention will be paid to the situation in - r i:s . Study co-author Adam Wolf, of the Carnegie the boreal forests in the future. on for Science at Stanford University, cites a 7 Boreal forests are able to deal w ith some of the s: : : , Elliott Campbell in Science magazine that damage that is done to them. that burning grasses in a coal-fuelled plant 8 Earlier research may have underestim ated the ac'-i 5s the savings in carbon emissions compared to scale of a future problem. :ie same grasses to make ethanol. I f biofuels 9 The damage done by destroying boreal forests : г z: ig to reduce emissions, using abandoned lasts for a very long time. - : : r.d s to make electricity and offset coal use is our TESi Det.’ he says. ‘Both of these countries have coal-. List of scientists С Jing Ming Chen A Josep Canadell D Nigel Roulet t : power plants, so the process could start soon.’ В Sebastiaan Luyssaert Russia and Kazakhstan are now in a position Questions 10-13 *: :e:ome leaders in green energy, and could use the . Complete the sum m ary below. l osses to export clean electricity in addition to oil and Choose NQ MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the I'S . according to Mr Wolf. passage for each answer. Questions 1-5 Wild grasses in Russia and Kazakhstan The reading passage has five paragraphs, A-E. Scientists believe that wild grasses which are W hich paragraph contains the following currently growing on former 1 0 ...................... in information? Russia and Kazakhstan could be useful in Write the correct letter, A-E. combating environmental problems. There are NB You may use any letter more than once. two different ideas concerning how this could happen. 1 a view concerning what can and what cannot With the first idea, approximately ten million tons replace something of carbon would be stored in the ground, and three-quarters of this would create 2 a m ention of the am ount by which carbon 1 1 ...................... that could be used instead emissions might increase in the future of petroleum-based fuels. The second idea is to burn the grasses in 1 2 ...................... power 3 a reference to an established belief that plants. Supporters of this idea say that the effect researchers say is incorrect in reducing carbon emissions would be twice as great as if the first idea was carried out. The 4 evidence from one study that supports the grasses would be used to produce 1 3 ...................... conclusions of another study and production of this could begin in a short period of time. 5 how much carbon is currently located in a particular part of the world The world in our hands 33 !Writing Task 1 0 Complete this sample answer for the Writing task О Look at the Writing task below. Which of the with words or figures. following m ust you mention in your answer? Write Yes or No. The diagram com pares two different ways of producing energy. The conventional system involves A different types of buildings ........ a therm al power plant. At the first stage, at the plant, ........ (1 )............... ........of the energy put into the system is В different types of energy produced ........ not used and becom es w aste heat. At the next stage, ........ power goes from the plant through ( 2 ) ........................ С distances ........ and at this stage another ( 3 ) ........................of the ........ energy is lost. This m eans th at only ( 4 ) ........................ D differences betw een two systems ........ of the power is used at the end of the process and ........ this is used as ( 5 ) ..........................In the other system, E who uses the energy produced natural gas is used as the source of power. Power F opinions on each system comes from the ( 6 ) ........................through a G the results of each system (7 ) to a gas engine. At this stage, H stages in each system betw een 10% and 30% of the energy that has been produced is lost. Of the power that is not lost, f-- ---------- ------------ (8 ) of it is then used for (9 ) energy and 20-45% is used as The diagram below compares two different electrical energy. The comparison shows that the systems of energy production - a conventional conventional system is less energy efficient than the system and one that uses natural gas as the other system , called a (1 0 )........................system . The source of power. overall energy efficiency of the conventional system is only 40% , m eaning th at only (11)........................of Summarise the information by reporting the the power it produces can be used. In contrast, the m ain features, and m ake comparisons where system based on natural gas is much more efficient, relevant. •as betw een (1 2 )....................... of the energy produced is used. Conventional power Natural gas-fired generation system cogeneration system © Now divide the sample answer into four paragraphs. One of the paragraphs is very short. Thermal LNG terminal Put / / to indicate where a new paragraph starts. plant Divide it in this way: W v sable Paragraph 1: Introduction cables Paragraph 2: Description of system exhaust heat Paragraph 3: Description of system Total loss Paragraph 4: Overview (in station power, transmission loss 4% E lectricallnergy Thermal епег9У Electrical energy 20-45% 30-60% 40% Overall energy efficiency Conventional power generation 7 ft ОПО/ system Natural gas-fired cogeneration system© Look at the Writing task below. What does the 4 All waste ..... into categories. diagram show? Circle A, В or C. 5 P a p e r........... in the blue boxes. A stages in a process 6 la r g e r item s for re c y c lin g ................................... if В how something happens you phone this number. С how to do som ething 7 T he w a s te ................................... to a recycling plant. 8 H o u se h o ld s................................... of any chang es to The diagram below shows how heat is lost and collection days. energy wasted in a house because of air getting into and out of the house. 0 Complete the second sentence so that it has a Summarise the information by reporting the m ain features and m ake comparisons where similar meaning to the first sentence, using the appropriate. correct form of the passive. Air leaks and heat loss in houses 1 a Nowadays they teach children about environm ental issues at school. PLUMBING b N ow adays .........okiJWre-m.. .......... STACK VENT BATHROOM about environm ental issues at school. FAN VENT ATTIC 2 a The authorities have started recycling schemes RECESSED HATCH throughout the country. LIGHTS b ........................................................... th ro u g h o u t th e CHASE country. RECESSED LIGHTS ELECJRICAL iKITCHEN 3 a Governments have discussed international OUTLET FAN VENT cooperation on environm ental issues, b ...... .....................................................by governm ents. DRYER CRAWL SPACE 4 a Experts say th at people should do m ore to =v e n t | solve environm ental problems. OUTDOOR FAUCET b E xperts say t h a t ............................................................ to solve environm ental problems. Air leaking out of the house Air leaking into the house 5 a One idea is that people can use solar power to provide energy. @ Now write your answer for the Writing task above. b One idea is t h a t ............................................................ to provide energy. Grammar 6 a We m ust find alternatives to existing energy The passive sources soon, 0 Complete these sentences about a local recycling b ........................................................... soon. scheme with the correct passive phrases in the box. 7 a Some countries took steps to deal w ith should be placed is taken will be informed environm ental problem s years ago. are provided was introduced can be collected b ........................................................... by som e have been increased must be sorted countries to deal w ith environm ental problems years ago. 1 The scheme two years ago. 8 a Will we solve environm ental problem s in the 2 C o lle c tio n s .................................. to tw ice a w eek. future? 3 Containers for household waste b ........................................................... in th e future? ....................................by th e council. The world in our hands (35Making money, spending money Reading Section 1 Ms Bailey. ‘There are chairs to sit down on, w ater coolers, and staff w ill come along w ith colouring 0 Read through the article briefly and answer the books to entertain children while the customer following question. browses.’ Even th e background music is carefully considered. On Saturdays it has a faster tem po. What is it about? Circle A, В or C. On Sundays, when customers may prefer a quieter atm osphere, th e tone is softer. ‘The music is changed A two people who own shops by th e hour, according to th e day,’ says Ms Bailey. В various different products W hite Stuff has eschewed th e shop design of a traditional fashion retailer, preferring to model С a chain of shops and a product its interiors on a Victorian house w here Ms Bailey believes her customers aspire to live. Since her @ Now read the text carefully and answer arrival, W hite Stuff has sought locations away from Questions 1-13. th e beaten track and shopping centres are view ed as anathem a. ‘To be honest, w e do have some stores mOVERS RflD SHRHERS th a t are very hard to find ,’ says Ms Bailey. ‘In Exeter, for exam ple, th e re ’s the High Street and the shopping Discover the stories behind two enthusiastic centre, but you have to turn le ft down an alley to fine entrepreneurs who are creating major waves in the W hite Stuff, right by an organic butcher and coffee UK business world shop.’ Retailers often declare that customers are their Yet W hite S tu ff’s customers, whom Ms Bailey most im portant asset. But, w hile some sound as if describes as ‘extrem ely loyal’, are not deterred by th ey are paying lip service to th e idea, Sally Bailey, these intrepid expeditions. When she took over five chief executive o f White Stuff, is a tru e believer. years ago, W hite Stuff had 15 stores and an annual Even the clothing re ta ile r’s website reflects her view, turnover of £14m. Today, turnover is in excess of declaring: ‘Lovely clothes for lovely people’. Ms £55m, w ith stores generating annual revenues Bailey says: ‘The most im p o rtan t people are those between £500,000 and £2.5m from an average who buy our product. This includes the buyers who customer spend of £35. select it, and the customers who buy it in our shops. Everything w e do is about service to get th e product Matt Stockdale, managing directo r of HomePride, into the custom er’s hands.’ which this year w ill turn over m ore than £4m , has the m other of form er Tesco buyer Fraser McDonald So when research revealed th a t customers disliked to thank for his success. Desperate to get the changing rooms that opened directly onto the superm arket chain to stock his oven cleaning product shop floor, W hite Stuff amended its floor plans, Oven Pride, Mr Stockdale bombarded the buyer w ith introducing a false w all that screened off the calls. changing area. ‘It ’s not rocket science,’ explains Ms Bailey. ‘You just need to listen to w hat the customer But it was to no avail: ‘The response was always is saying. W e are dedicated to pleasing th e m . We “Thanks but no thanks”,’ he recalls. ‘So I said, “ Let ask: “W hat is th e best thing w e could do?” ’ Hence, me send some to your mother, your aunt, your th e introduction of one oversized fitting room in each grandmother...” and, I think to make me go away, of W hite Stuff’s 54 stores to enable mothers to bring he gave m e his m o th e r’s address.’ Two weeks later, th e ir buggies in w hile th ey change. Mr Stockdale was in th e buyer’s office signing a deal to supply his product to 30 stores. ‘He told m e th a t * his m other w anted him to give m e a chance but th a t ‘When a customer walks into a W hite Stuff shop, he didn’t give m e much hope,’ says Mr Stockdale. A w e w a n t them to fe e l tike they are at hom e,’ says year later he was supplying 130 Tesco stores. ‘I didn’t realise when I first approached Tesco that it was theQuestions 1-3 Label the diagram below. Chbose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. changing room s (1 oversized, enough space for 1 ................. ) UK’s biggest superm arket chain,’ says M r Stockdale. background music ‘I just knew that I shopped there.’ The idea for the oven cleaner cam e in 1999 when, for children “ 1 ------------------- ( 3 .......... . on a fte r being m ade redundant from his jo b as a sales manager for a telecom s business, Mr Stockdale water coolers!— Saturdays) decided to fulfil a lifelong am bition to run his own company. ‘I looked at a catalogue business first Questions 4-8 because d irect sales was w hat I knew ,’ he says. ‘But I cam e across chem ical companies making Do the following statements agree with the products, one of which was an oven cleaner. I information given in the reading passage? was always the one lumbered w ith cleaning our oven, so I was in trig u ed .’ He tested one product, W rite if the statem ent agrees with the a bottle of w hite fluid, which produced such great TRUE information results th at he started to research the oven cleaner m arketplace. ‘I found the hardest thing was to FALSE if the statement contradicts the clean th e racks,’ says Mr Stockdale. information He decided to create kits to make cleaning racks NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this easy, sourcing packaging, disposable gloves and a bag, into which the racks could be placed with 4 Sally Bailey intends to find locations for W hite the cleaning fluid. ‘I created 5,000 units and sent one each to Kleeneze, Betterw are and QVC, and Stuff in shopping centres. got now here,’ he recalls. Dejected, Mr Stockdale found another sales jo b but, 15 months later, a 5 Sally Bailey started W hite Stuff. fax arrived w ith a purchase order from Kleeneze. 6 The buyer at Tesco initially rejected Oven ‘I w ent to the garage and dusted down the stock,’ he says. Kleeneze sold out w ithin weeks, and Pride. placed more orders. Then QVC faxed across an 7 The b u y er’s m other often gives h im advice on order. ‘ I was suddenly on national television, but in eight weeks QVC had sold out,’ he says. ‘I products. didn’t realise w hat I had.’ It took a le tter from a 8 Matt Stockdale discovered im portant satisfied customer, asking when the cleaner would be available in shops, to prom pt Mr Stockdale inform ation about Tesco after contacting the to change his strategy and approach high s treet company. retailers. Enter Tesco. In its first year, H om ePride turned over £90,000 but soon reached £1.1m. ‘Going into retail changed everything for m e,’ says Mr Stockdale. Making money, spending money {37Questions 9-13 Vocabulary Complete the flow chart below. Verbs + infinitive and verbs + -ing Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. О Complete these sentences about money, using the infinitive or -in g forms of the verbs in the box. The story of HomePride lose check buy pay put Matt Stockdale made redundant from job in spend save borrow telecoms 1 I r e f u s e ..... to.pAy.......such a hig h p rice for a ♦ ticket. Thought of starting a catalogue business 2 I en d ed u p ........................all m y m oney in th at shop because there were so m any things I liked. (experience in 9 ........................j 3 I t r i e d ........................som e m oney b u t nobody ♦ agreed to lend me any. Saw chemical products and becam e interested in 4 Did you re m e m b e r........................som e m oney oven cleaners into your account today? ♦ 5 I w a n te d ........................m oney, so I b o u g h t a cheaper one. Tested a w hite fluid for cleaning ovens and researched the market 6 If you don’t w a n t to r i s k ........................y o u r m oney, d o n ’t gam ble. ♦ 7 She f a ile d ........................th e price before she Observed that the biggest problem was how to get bought it and it cost m ore th an she expected. 1 0 ........................clean 8 T hose phones are not w o r t h ........................, ♦ th e y ’re not very good. Made 11........................to solve this problem 0 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. ♦ 1 a He often gets into trouble w ith money, Sent his product to various companies b He k e e p s ... ge-.ttm g....into trou b le w ith m oney First order cam e after 12 . 2 a I got a job, so I was able to earn som e money, I b G etting a job e n a b le d ........................som e money. Product appeared on TV and sold out 3 a I was surprised that prices there were so high, ♦ b I d id n ’t e x p e c t....................... so high. A question asked by a 13........................gave him 4 a I d o n ’t w a n t to spend a lot of m oney. b I w a n t to a v o id ........................a lot of m oney. the idea of approaching shops 5 a ‘Buy th is m odel,’ the shop a ssistan t said to 38) Unit 6 me. b T he shop a ssistan t a d v is e d ........................th a t model. 6 a ‘Pay the bill before th e end of th e w eek ,’ she said to me. b She re m in d e d ........................th e bill before th e end of the week.7 a I think I m ight get a new computer. Listening Section 2 b I’m c o n s id e rin g ........................ a new com puter. О You are going to hear a manager talking about new machines in a museum. Look at Questions 8 a My parents said that I should save money. 5-10. Which of the following are you required to label? Circle A, В or C. b My p aren ts e n c o u ra g e d .........................money. A the kinds of drink in the m achine ^ S t u d e n t ’s Book unit 6, p61 В how you order a drink from the m achine © Complete these sentences about С how you put drinks into the m achine banks and banking with the jumbled words in the box. @ $7^ Now listen and answer Questions 1-10. TRDEFOAVR TCERID SRIETENT Questions 1-4 TEIDB CLAEBNA NBAHCR W here will the following m achines be? 1 I checked t h e ... ЬяИмл(&....to see how m uch Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the money I had in my account. correct letter, A-F, next to questions 1-4. 2 My acco u n t w as i n ........................, so I h ad som e 1 cash m a c h in e ........ 3 gam es m a c h in e ........ money to spend. 2 ticket m a c h in e ........ 4 d rin k s m a c h in e ........ 3 T h e ........................rate on th is acco u n t has fallen A visitor centre D entrance hall recently. В in front of the building E exhibition halls С next to elevators F reception area 4 T h ere’s alw ays a long qu eu e in th e local of my bank. Questions 5-10 5 If you pay th e bill by d i r e c t ........................, it’s a Label the diagram below. bit cheaper. Write ONE OR TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 6 H e’s got a b i g ........................at th e b a n k an d o th er m oney problem s too. DRINKS MACHINE FOR STAFF ROOM Key vocabulary Making money, spending money (39) 0 Choose the correct option, A, В or C, to complete each sentence. 1 If you buy a b ra n d ed product, it A is cheaper th an usual. В h as th e m a k e r’s n a m e on it. С is being specially advertised. 2 If you purchase som ething, you A buy it. В look for it. С u se it. 3 An ow n-label product is a product that A is new on the m arket. В is for sale at a cheaper price. С h as th e sh o p ’s n am e on it. 4 Retailer can be another w ord for A product. В shop. С customer.Writing Task 2 0 The following are phrases that could be used in ar answ er to this W riting task. Complete them w ith О Read the following Writing task and underline the correct prepositions. the main points to consider. 1 m ak in g m oney is a n im p o rta n t p a rt ...«£.. w h at ~ \"JJJl‘ \" ...... ,jjj.„jj ij j jjjjj com panies do W rite about the following topic: 2 b u sin esses play a n im p o rta n t r o l e ........ society 3 b u sin esses w a n t to m ake p ro f its ........w h a t they The purpose of businesses is to m ake m oney and they should concentrate only on this. produce 4 com panies th a t lose a lot of m oney c a n g o ........ Do you agree or disagree? business Give reasons for your answ er and include any 5 com panies do b u s in e s s ........o ther co m panies relevant examples from your knowledge or 6 a co m p an y ’s a t t i tu d e ........th e people w ho w ork experience. L ..... ...................... ....................................... for it 7 b u sin esses should also m ake a c o n trib u tio n ........ 0 Look at these student ideas for paragraphs. society Which of these ideas would make suitable 8 com panies should pay a tte n tio n ........o th er paragraphs for an answer? Write Yes or No. m atters A b usinesses and th e e n v iro n m e n t......... 9 profitable com panies m ay t a k e ........m ore w orkers В th e m ost successful b u sin ess s e c to r s ......... 10 b u sin esses n eed to give th o u g h t........o th er С how to sta rt a b u s in e s s ......... D th e n eed to m ake p ro f its ......... m atters E w hy som e b u sin esses f a i l ......... F trea tm e n t of e m p lo y e e s ......... 0 Now w rite your answ er for the W riting task above G w hy people choose a p a rtic u la r c a r e e r ......... H b u sin esses an d th e local c o m m u n ity ......... Grammar «ад! Relative pronouns and relative clauses О Complete these sentences about shopping w ith ;SH relative pronouns. 520737 1 T he t o w n ......wkere-...... I live h as lots of shops. THE r.M TK I) ай м ш 2 T he s h o p s ........................I like m ost are all local. £«101*50785 E Src* ЕЦ045 3 T he p e o p le ........................w ork in th e local shops are all friendly 4 My favourite shop is the clothes shop I buy most of my clothes. 5 I first w ent th ere ten years a g o ,........................I was a teenager. 6 It sells clothes by d e s ig n e rs ........................clothes I really like. 7 It h a s a s s is ta n ts ....................... are v ery friendly and helpful. 8 A nd it sells clothes at p r ic e s ........................I can afford!Q Complete this description of someone’s job with 2 a Tesco’s profits are v ery high. It is one of the relative clauses in the box. B ritain’s m o st su ccessful com panies. where there is a problem when he left which is which need whose name is b T e s c o ,....... .............................................. one who don’t know which describe which involves of one of B ritain’s m ost successful com panies. The mystery shopper 3 a In the 1980s superm arkets began to appear all I have a friend ( 1 ) .... wtaasfi-..rKiAm-.e .IS....G raham . He has a job ( 2 ) ................................... very interesting. He started over Britain. Tesco was one of the m ain ones. this job last year, ( 3 ) ....................................college. He is a b In th e 1 9 8 0 s,............................................................ ‘m ystery shopper’, (4)................................... going to shops (5)....................................and pretending to be a customer. ....................................... w as one of th e m ain ones. He talks to staff in shops, ( 6 ) ....................................h e’s 4 a British people used to buy their food in small working for the company. He then writes reports (7 )....................................his experience in the shops. He shops. They quickly changed to shopping in describes aspects of the service ( 8 ) .................................... to improve. superm arkets. @ Combine the pairs of sentences in a about b British p e o p le ,............................................................ supermarkets in Britain, using a relative clause. to shopping in superm arkets. 1 a Tesco is one of B ritain’s biggest su p erm a rk et 5 a In sm all towns, m any sm all shops have closed. ch ain s. It em ploys over 50,000 people, People go to out-of-town superm arkets instead. b Tesco, b In sm all to w n s ,............................................................ ...s i A p e - m M M i . . .e-.Kpfavs.... over 50,000 people. go to out-of-town superm arkets instead. 6 a Superm arkets now sell a variety of things. They are a fundam ental part of the British way of life. b S u p e rm a rk e ts,............................................................ a fundam ental p art of the British way of life. « Making money, spending money (41)Relationships Listening Section 3 Q You will hear two students talking about a presentation. Look at the second task, Questions 6-10. What kind of word will be required for all of the questions? Circle A, В or C. A adverbs В verbs С nouns 0 $8^ Now listen and answer Questions 1-10. Questions 1-5 Questions 6-10 Choose the correct letter, A, В or C. Complete the flow chart below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each 1 Maya chose the topic of lifelong friendships answer. because Lifelong friendships presentation A it w as an u n u su al area of research. В she h ad a p a rtic u la r in tere st in it. Origins of friendship (age, where began, С som eone suggested it to her. circum stances, etc.): 1 table 2 Maya says that the sample of people she used Effects of change of 6 ....................... : 2 tables A was sm aller th an she w anted it to be. ♦ В was typical of the population in general. С was the basis for further work. Effects of 7 ........................: 1 pie chart 3 The problem w ith the questionnaire was that ♦ A it w a sn ’t w ell co n stru cted . Comparisons betw een descriptions of В th e subjects co u ld n ’t engage w ith it. 8 ........................: patterns of extrem e change С too m uch tim e w as re q u ired to com plete it. I 4 Maya says that w hen she conducted the in terv iew s, Changes in 9 ....................... : 1 pie chart A she kept brief notes. 4 В the subjects were all very relaxed. С they followed a clear structure. 1 0 ........................ (e.g. sports, m usical tastes): continuing or changing 5 What does Maya say about other research in the area? A A lot of it contradicted her findings. В It w a sn ’t very easy to find. С It w as carried out in th e sam e way as hers.Vocabulary 6 10% of people b etw een ages / the ages of 40 and 50 used th e sites regularly. Feelings Q S t u d e n t ’s Book unit 7, p68 7 People of different age / ages used the sites for different reasons. О Complete the sentences with the adjectives in the box. 8 The 60 + ages / age group had the lowest num ber of users. bored reassuring upset irritated 9 80% of users w ere u n d er 30 years of age / aged. helpful concerned persuasive 10 People in th e low er age groups / ages u sed th e irritating upsetting boring sites more than older people. 1 I get very ... iтЫЫб..... w h en people keep Key vocabulary asking me stupid questions. © Complete the sentences below, then use the words 2 She w as s o ........................th a t I ended u p agreeing to complete this crossword. to w hat she wanted. 3 I w a sn ’t at a l l ........................b ecau se I knew nothing bad w as going to happen. 4 D o n n a g e t s ........................if people criticise her and she often starts crying. 5 I w as s o ........................at th e p a rty th a t I nearly fell asleep. 6 You’ve b een v e r y ........................a n d I c o u ld n ’t have done this without you. 7 It’s ........................to k n o w th a t I’m not th e only person w ith this problem. 8 It w as a v e r y ........................experience a n d I felt bad about it for a long tim e. Across 9 T he conversation w as e x tre m e ly ........................ 4 If you c a n ........................th e difference b etw een and I stopped listening. tw o things, the difference is clear to you. 10 His b eh a v io u r w as v e r y ........................an d I 5 A n ........................is a n u n u su a l or b ad event th a t shouted at him. happens. Age(s) / aged / age group 6 If y o u ........................to doing so m eth in g bad, you say th a t you did it. @ Complete these results from a survey about social networking sites by circling the correct options in 8 If y o u ........................so m eth in g , you say w h a t w ill each of these sentences. happen in the future. 1 The highest num ber of people u sing the sites Down was in the 16-24 ages /(R egrou p). 1 If resu lts a r e ....................... , th ey are th e sam e 2 35% of children started using the sites at the age over a period of time. / ages of 12 or under. 2 If y o u ........................som eone for so m eth in g , you 3 45% of users ages / aged 16-24 checked for say they are responsible for som ething bad. m essages every day. 3 A nim als living in t h e ........................are living in 4 65% of parents aged / age below 40 said that they their natural habitat, not in a zoo. looked at th eir ch ildren’s activities on the sites. 7 A ........................ is som eone w ho d o esn ’t tell th e 5 5% of people over age / the age of 70 used the truth. sites to keep in touch w ith family. Relationships (43)Reading Section 2 О Read through the article quickly. Then look at Questions 7-10 and answer the following. In which sections of the text are there references to the people liste d ?........................ © Now read the text carefully and answer Questions 1-13. ESTABLISHING YOUR BIRTHRIGHTS o f being selfish. Twins inevitably find it harder to see themselves as individuals, unless their parents have worked hard to id e n tify Position in the fa m ily can p la y a huge ro le in shaping them as such. It’s not unusual fo r one tw in to have a slightly character, finds Clover Stroud dominant role over the other and take the lead role. A Last week I was given a potent rem inder o f how pow erful D But slapping generalised labels on a child is dangerous; they birth ord e r might be in determ ining a child’s character. M y son, change all the time, often taking turns a t being the ‘naughty Jimmy Joe, nine, and my daughter, Dolly, six, were re-enacting one’ or the 'd ilig e nt one'. However, as one o f five children, I a TV ta le n t show. Jimmy Joe elected himself judge and Dolly know how hard it is to transcend the tags you earn according to was a contestant. Authoritative and unyielding, he w ielded a when you were born. It is unsurprising then that my eldest sister clip b o a rd , delivering harsh criticisms th a t would make a real is the successful entrepreneur, and that, despite covering all the talent show judge flinch. Initially Dolly loved the attention, big bases o f adult life like m arriage, kids and p ro p e rty, my but she soon grew tired o f his dominance, instigating a pillow siblings w ill p ro b a b ly always regard me as their spoilt younger fight, then a fist fight. It ended, inevitably, in tears. A visiting sister. friend, with an older, more successful sister, declared it 'classic first child behaviour of dominance and supposed authority'. E ‘As the oldest o f three, I’ve found it hard not to think o f my own Dolly’s objection to her brother’s self-appointed role as leader three children as having the same personality types that the was justified, he announced, while Jimmy Joe's superiority was three o f us had when I was growing up,' says Lisa Cannan, a characteristic o f the forceful personality o f firstborns. Birth teacher. ‘ I id e n tify with my eldest son, who constantly takes the order, he said, wasn’t something they could just shrug off. lead in terms o f organisation and responsibility. M y daughter, the m iddle child, is more cerebral than her brothers. She’s В Debate about the significance o f birth ord e r goes right been easier than them. She avoids confrontation, so has an to the h eart o f the nature versus nurture argum ent and is, easy relationship with both boys. M y youngest is gorgeous but consequently, surrounded by huge controversy. This controversy naughty. I know I'm p a rtly to blame fo r this, as I fo rg ive him has raged since the 19th century, when Austrian psychiatrist things the e lder tw o wouldn’t get aw a y with.' Alfred Adler argued that birth order can define the way someone deals with life. He identified firstborns as driven and F As a parent, it's easy to fe e l guilty about saddling a child often suffering from a sense o f having been ‘dethroned’ by with labels according to birth order, but as child psychologist a second child. Younger children, he stated, were ham pered Stephen Bayliss points out, these characteristics m ight be better by having been more pampered than older siblings. It’s a a ttrib u te d to parenting styles, rather than a child’s character. view reiterated by Professor Frank Sulloway’s influential work, He says that if a parent is w orried about having encouraged, Born to Rebel. Sulloway, a leading proponent o f the b irth - fo r exam ple, an overdeveloped sense o f dominance in an ord e r idea, argued it has a definitive e ffe ct on the ‘Big Five' older sibling or spoiled a younger child, then it’s more useful to personality traits o f openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, look a t ways this can be addressed than over-analysing why it agreeableness and neuroticism. happened. Bayliss is optimistic that as adults we can overcome any negative connotations around birth order. ‘ Look at the С According to the b irth -o rd e r theory, first children are usually w ay you react to certain situations with your siblings. If you’re well-organised high achievers. However, they can have an unhappy about being trea te d as a certain typ e o f personality, overdeveloped sense o f entitlement and be unyielding. Second try to w ork out if it’s a role that you’ve w illing ly accepted. If children are sometimes very com petitive through riva lry with you’re unhappy with the role, being dynamic about focusing the o ld e r sibling. They’re also good mediators and negotiators, on your own reactions, rather than blam ing theirs, w ill help you keen to keep everyone happy. M iddle children, ta g ge d the overcome it. Change isn’t easy but nobody need be the victim ‘easy’ ones, have good diplom acy skills. They suffer from a of their biography.’ tendency to feel insignificant beside other siblings and often complain o f feeling invisible to their parents. Youngest children are often the most likely to rebel, fe e lin g the need to ‘prove’ themselves. They’re often extroverts and are sometimes accused (44) Unit 7Questions 1-6 ■ Questions 11-13 The read in g p assage has six p a rag ra p h s, A-F. Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for Choose the correct heading for each paragraph each answer. from the list of headings below. 11 F irst-born ch ild ren have ex p ectatio n s th a t are i C hildren’s view s on b irth order ii Solutions are m ore im p o rtan t th a n causes too hig h w ith regard t o .......................... iii C haracteristics com m on to all children 12 M iddle ch ild re n are often considered regardless of birth order by their parents. iv D oubts ab o u t b irth -o rd e r th eo ry bu t 13 Y oungest ch ild ren m ay be d escrib ed as personal experience supporting it by other people. v A theory that is still supported vi Birth-order characteristics continuing as Writing Task 1 children get older Q Look at the Writing task below. Which is the best title for the two pie charts? Circle A, В or C. vii A typical exam ple of birth-order behaviour A Happiness of parents before and after having in practice children viii Exceptions to the rule of birth order В Happiness of parents com pared w ith happiness ix A detailed description of each child in of children families in general С Happiness of parents w ith children of different 1 Paragraph A 2 Paragraph В ages 3 Paragraph С 4 Paragraph D Parents w ith very young children 5 Paragraph E 6 Paragraph F Questions 7-10 Parents w ith teenage children Look at the following statem ents (Questions 7-10) | Very happy £jj Fairly happy £ Unhappy and the list of people below. Match each statem ent with the correct person, Relationships (45 A-D. You m ay use any letter more than once. 7 Experience as a child can affect behaviour as a parent. 8 Birth order may not be the m ain reason why children have the personalities they have. 9 There is a link betw een birth and a group of im portant characteristics. 10 It is possible for people to stop feeling bad about how family m em bers behave w ith them. List of people A Alfred Adler В Professor Frank Sulloway С Lisa C annan D Stephen Bayliss0 Which of the following are main differences The charts below show the results of surveys in 2005 and 2009 asking workers about their between the two charts? Write Yes or No. relationships with their supervisors and their co-workers. A th e categories in th e c h a r t s ........ Summarise the information by reporting the main В th e p ercentages of very h ap p y p e o p le ........ features, and m ake comparisons where relevant. С th e p ercentages of fairly hap p y p e o p le ........ Relationships at work D th e p ercentages of u n h a p p y p e o p le ........ (survey of workers 2005 & 2009) E th e ages of c h ild r e n ........ F the totals of very happy and fairly Relationships with supervisor h ap p y p e o p le ........ Don't have a supervisor: 1% No answer: 2% @ Which of the following overviews is the best? ■Poor: 2% Circle A, В or C. Fair: 8% A The m ain conclusion from the pie charts is that Good: 26% parents with very young children were happy Don't have a but parents w ith older children were not. supervisor: 5% ------------ Poor: 2% В In general, parents got happier as their children Fair: 6% got older. Good: 22% С To su m up, p a re n ts w ith teen ag e children Very were less happy th an parents w ith very young good: children, but very few of them were unhappy. 65% О Look at the Writing task on the right. What are Relationships with co-workers the main features of the charts? Write Yes or No. - Don't have co-workers: 1% A differences b etw e en the tw o y e a r s ......... Poor: 1% В how h ig h ce rta in figures a r e ......... Fair: 7% С sim ilarities b etw e en th e tw o re la tio n s h ip s ......... Good: 28% D how m an y people c o u ld n ’t a n s w e r ......... E differences in th e tw o re la tio n s h ip s ......... i— Don't have co-workers: 2% F how m uch ce rtain figures f e ll......... Fair: 3% G sim ilarities b etw e en th e tw o y e a r s ......... Good: 25% H how low ce rta in figures a r e ......... Very good: 63% Very good: 70% © Now write your answer for the Writing task aboveGrammar Zero, first and second conditionals Q Correct the underlined phrases in these sentences Reference devices Q S tudent’s Book unit 7, p75 if necessary. Put a tick ( /) above them if they are correct. О Complete this text about self-help books with the correct reference devices, for example, them, it, We-’d this, one, other, etc. 1 If H arry w as m ore p leasa n t to people, h e ’ll m ake Self-help books about relationships have been m ore friends. very popular for some years and (1) sell in very large quantities. But why do people 2 If y o u ’ll get on w ell w ith your boss, w ork is use ( 2 ) ..............? W hy are ( 3 ) ............... books so popular? enjoyable. ( 4 ) ..............kind of book is the kind th at tells 3 People d o n ’t enjoy life u n less th ey have good people how to improve ( 5 ) ..............relationships w ith ( 6 ) ..............people in ( 7 )............... personal relationships w ith other people. lives. According to research, women often buy ( 8 ) ..............kind of self-help book. ( 9 ) ............... 4 I d o n ’t arg u e w ith m y friends u n less they w ould books give advice about relationships w ith your boyfriend or husband and a woman might buy upset me. (1 0 )..............of them because (11)............... thinks th at (1 2 )..............will give her good ideas on how 5 If w e discuss th is calm ly, we w o n ’t have an to deal w ith (1 3 )..............person. argum ent. Another kind of self-help book deals w ith how to be successful in life by having good relationships 6 If I w o u ld n ’t like him , I w o u ld n ’t accept his bad at work. Some of the m ost successful (1 4 ).............. behaviour towards me. in this category are about relationships in the workplace, and according to research, 7 If you need some help tom orrow, I give it to you. (1 5 )..............is a subject th at appeals to men more than women. A man might buy a book 8 Unless vou apologise, h e ’ll be very an g ry w ith in (1 6 )..............category because (1 7 )............... you. believes (1 8 )..............claim s that (1 9 )............... will help (2 0 ).............. to rise to the top and m ake lots 9 I’ll b e u n h a p p y if I d id n ’t have m y friends to go of money. out with. 10 If I d id n ’t tru s t Tara, I w o u ld n ’t tell h er m y secrets. 11 We d o n ’t go to th a t re sta u ra n t u n less it w ill be my birthday. 12 I’d live in th is tow n forever if I h ad th e choice. 13 If I w ere you, I w o n ’t m a rry him . 14 If I d o n ’t p h o n e m y g ra n d m o th e r every Sunday, she gets very upset. 15 I’d be fitter if I exercise more. Relationships (47)Fashion and design Reading Section 3 couturier could only get £35,000 for it. Rather than riding high on the follies of the super-rich, he and his team could О Read through the article about fashion briefly. barely feed their hungry families. Then look at Questions 11-14 and answer the following. The result was an outcry and the first of a series of government- and industry-sponsored inquiries into the W hat is the best way of answ ering these questions? surreal world of ultimate fashion. The trade continues to Circle A, В or C. insist that - relatively speaking - couture offers you more than you pay for, but it’s not as simple as that. When such a A by finding the people m entioned in the temple of old wealth starts talking about value for money, questions it isn’t to convince anyone that dresses costing as much as houses are a bargain. Rather, it is to preserve the peculiar В by finding the ideas mentioned in the options mystique, lucrative associations and threatened interests that couture represents. С by reading the whole text again Essentially, the arguments couldn’t be simpler. On one side 0 Now read the text carefully and answer are those who say that the business will die if it doesn’t change. On the other are those who say it will die if it Questions 1-14. does. W hat’s not in doubt is that haute couture - the term translates as “high sewing” - is a spectacular anachronism. MAKING A LOSS IS THE Colossal in its costs, tiny in its clientele and questionable HEIGHT OF FASHION in its influence, it still remains one of the great themes of Parisian life. In his book, The Fashion Conspiracy, Nicholas In this topsy-turvy world, selling a dress at an enormous discount Coleridge estimates that the entire couture industry rests turns out to be verygood business indeed, says William Langley on the whims of less than 30 immensely wealthy women, and although the number may have grown in recent years Given that a good year in the haute couture business is one with the new prosperity of Asia, the number of couture where you lose even more money than usual, the prevailing customers worldwide is no more than 4,000. mood in Paris last week was of buoyancy. The big-name designers were falling over themselves to boast of how To qualify as couture, a garment must be entirely hand­ many outfits they had sold at below cost price, and how this made by one of the 11 Paris couture houses registered proved that the fashion business was healthier than ever. to the Chambre Syndicate de la Haute Couture. Each house Jean-Paul Gaultier reported record sales, “but we don’t must employ at least 20 people, and show a minimum of make any money out of it,” the designer assured journalists 75 new designs a year. So far, so traditional, but the Big backstage. “No matter how successful you are, you can’t Four operators - Chanel, Dior, Givenchy and Gaultier - make a profit from couture,” explained Jean-Jacques Picart, increasingly use couture as a marketing device for their far a veteran fashion PR man, and co-founder of the now- more profitable ready-to-wear, fragrance and accessory bankrupt Lacroix house. lines. Almost 20 years have passed since the bizarre economics It isn’t hard to see how this works in practice. “Haute of the couture business were first exposed. Outraged that couture is what gives our business its essential essence of he was losing money on evening dresses costing tens of luxury,\" says Bernard Arnault, the head of LVMH, which thousands of pounds, the couturier Jean-Louis Scherrer - to howls of “treason” from his colleagues - published a detailed summary of his costs. One outfit he described contained over half a mile of gold thread, 18,000 sequins, and had required hundreds of hours of hand-stitching in an atelier. A fair price would have been £50,000, but the (48) U n ite

awns both Dior and Givenchy. “The cash it soaks up is largely Questions 1-5 -relevant. Set against the money we lose has to be the value of the image couture gives us. Look at the attention the Choose the correct letter, А, В, С or D. :ollections attract. It is where you get noticed. You have to be ±ere. It’s where we set our ideas in motion.” 1 W hat is the m ain topic of the first paragraph? A the difference betw een haute couture and The big idea being the one known in the trade as “name other areas of the fashion industry association”. Couture outfits may be unaffordable, even mwearable, but the whiff of glamour and exclusivity is hard В contrasting views on haute couture to resist. The time-starved modern woman who doesn’t make enough in a year to afford a single piece of couture can still . С the losses made on haute couture buy a share of the dream for the price of a Chanel lipstick or a Givenchy scarf. D the negative attitude towards haute couture For all this, couture has been in decline - the optimists of people in the fashion industry would say readjusting to changed conditions - for years. The number of houses registered to the Syndicate has halved in 2 The w riter says that Jean-Louis Scherrer the last two decades. Pierre Cardin once had almost 500 A upset other couturiers. people working full time on couture, but by the 1980s the number had fallen to 50, and today the house is no longer В was in a worse financial position than registered. other couturiers. Modern life tells the story. Younger women, even the С was one of the best-know n couturiers. seriously wealthy ones, find ready-to-wear clothes invariably more practical and usually more fun. Couture’s market has D stopped producing haute couture dresses. dwindled. “Haute couture is a joke,” scoffs Pierre Berge, the former head of Yves St Laurent - another house that 3 The w riter says that the outfit Jean-Louis no longer creates it. “Anyone who tells you it still matters Scherrer described is fantasising. You can see it dropping dead all around you. A w as w o rth the price th a t w as paid for it. Nobody buys it any more. The prices are ridiculous. The rules for making it are nonsensical. It belongs to another age. В cost m ore to m ake th an it should have. Where are today’s couturiers? A real couturier is someone who founds and runs their own house. No one does that С w as never sold to anyone. any more.” D should have cost m ore to buy th a n it did. Why, then, are the surviving couture houses smiling? Because they trade in fantasy, and, in these times, more 4 In the third paragraph, the writer states that people want to fantasise. “We’ve received so many orders we haute couture makers may not be able to deliver them all,” says Sidney Toledano, A th in k th a t th e term ‘value for m o n ey ’ h as a head of Dior. So, the clothes are rolled out and the couture particular m eaning for them . losses roll in, and everyone agrees that it’s good business. В prefer to keep quiet about the financial aspects of the business. С have changed because of inquiries into how they operate. D w ant to expand their activities to attract new customers. 5 The w riter says in the fourth paragraph that there is disagreem ent over A the popularity of haute couture. В the future of haute couture. С the real costs of haute couture. D the changes that need to be m ade in haute couture. Fashion and design (49)

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Questions 6-10 Listening Section 4 Do the following statem ents agree w ith the views 0 You will hear part of a of the w riter in the reading passage? lecture about jeans. Look at Questions 1-10. W rite What is the main focus of the YES if the statem ent agrees with the task? Circle A, В or C. views of the writer A developments connected NO if the statem ent contradicts the w ith jeans views of the writer В the different uses of jeans NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say w hat the С attitudes towards jeans writer thinks about this @ (09^ Now listen and answer Questions 1-10. 6 The way that com panies use haute couture as a m arketing device is clear. f------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ 7 Only w ealthy people are attracted by the idea Questions 1-10 of ‘n am e asso ciatio n ’. Complete the sentences below. 8 Pierre C ardin is likely to return to producing Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each haute couture. answer. 9 Some wom en who can afford haute couture 1 The word jeans may have originated in a clothes buy other clothes instead. m aterial used in clothes w o rn b y ........................ from Italy. 10 It is h a rd to u n d e rsta n d w hy som e h au te 2 One difference betw een jean and denim couture com panies are doing well. m aterial concerned t h e ........................u sed to create them. Questions 11-14 3 Denim was used in the clothes worn by Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. people w hose place of w ork w a s .......................... 11 In his book, N icholas Coleridge claim s th a t 4 S trau ss’s first n am e w as originally 12 T he h ead of LVMH believes th a t 13 T he form er h ead of Yves St L aurent feels th a t 5 The m iners’ problem concerned the 14 The h ead of Dior states th at on their clothes. A there is great dem and for haute couture. 6 S trau ss’s clothes solved th e problem because В people who defend haute couture are wrong. th ey u s e d ....................... fasteners. 7 The label Strauss added showed his waist С the cost of haute couture is likely to come down. overalls co n n ected t o .......................... 8 In the 1930s, the clothes becam e m ore popular D haute couture is dependent on a very sm all b ec au se people saw characters i n ....................... num ber of custom ers. w earing them. E more companies will start producing haute 9 In the 1940s, people in other countries saw th e clothes b ein g w orn b y ........................from couture. th e U.S. F it is im portant to continue w ith haute 10 In th e 1950s, teenagers called th e clothes couture.Vocabulary © Complete the sentences below with the words in the box. There Dress [uncountable] / dresses [countable) /c lo th e s /c lo th are two words which do not fit О Circle the correct option in each of these sentences. into any of the gaps. 1 My grandm other m ade my clothes / cloth w hen I w as a child. celebrity functional She always cut the clothes / cloth very carefully. conservation performance decorative repair 2 Dress / Dresses for this event will be inform al. contemporary retire 3 She d o esn ’t have great in terest in clothes / dress a n d fashion in produced preserve general. 1 This jum per has a very big hole 4 She d id n ’t tak e enough dress / dresses on th e trip w ith her. in it a n d you w o n ’t be able to 5 The teacher got som e cloth / dress and show ed the children how re p a ir.......it. to m ake a rabbit from it. 2 During her fashion course, she 6 T he w e ath er isn ’t w a rm enough for su m m er cloth / dresses. c o m p a re d ........................clothes with clothes from the past. Key vocabulary 3 T he b est w ay t o ........................ @ Complete the sentences below, then use the words to complete these clothes is to keep them this crossword. out of the light. 1 2 4 These clothes are all 3 4 ........................by h a n d a n d th a t’s why they take a long tim e to 5 make. 67 5 She always w anted to be famous and attract attention 8 from the m edia, so she was very happy w hen she becam e Across a .......................... 4 A ........................ is a k in d of m aterial or cloth. 5 A ........................ is an item of clothing. 6 These clothes are very 6 clothes are informal. ........................an d ca n be w orn 7 If so m eth in g i s ........................, it is very very old. both for work and social 8 A ........................is a k in d of cloth m ade by w eaving. occasions. Down 7 He gave a wonderful ........................in th e film an d 1 T h e ........................of so m eth in g are how it started . the critics said he was a brilliant actor. 2 If so m eth in g i s ....................... , th ere is n o th in g like it. 8 The clothes made by this 3 A ....................... is a p ictu re of a person, especially the p erso n ’s com pany have a ....................... design on the front of them. head/face. Fashion and design (ей) 4 If som ething is , it m ight easily break and m ust be treated carefully. [Writing Task 2 О Read the following Writing task. W rite about the following topic: Paragraph 1: introduction - people who wear Paragraph 2: clothes to im press others / people Some people say that the clothes people wear are Paragraph 3: w ho d o n ’t do th is the most im portant indication of what they are Paragraph 4: im portance of clothes w orn for work like. Others, however, say that people should not - the impression they g be judged by the clothes they wear. clothes not w orn at work - fashions am ong the young and the impression Discuss both these views and give your own they w ant to give opinion. my opinion: clothes for w ork and im pression they give im portant, Give reasons for your answ er and include any outside w ork not im p o rtan t a n d c a n ’1 relevant examples from your knowledge or judge people from what they wear experience. Below are three essay plans that candidates made for this question. Which two of the essay plans are suitable? Why are they suitable and why is the other essay plan not suitable? A © What must you mention in your answer? Write Yes or No. Paragraph 1: Paragraph 2: introduction - im portance of the A a contrast between past and present Paragraph 3: latest fashions to people today, especially the young attitudes to clothes Paragraph 4: why people w ant to follow the latest fashions - celebrities, В the connection betw een clothes and В advertising, etc. Paragraph 1: result - people all over the world opinions of people Paragraph 2: w earing the sam e clothes, loss of Paragraph 3: national identity through wearing С current fashions in clothes Paragraph 4: of different clothes conclusion - people sh o u ld n ’t D contrasting views on the im portance copy each o th e r’s clothes, should express their own individuality of clothes through what they wear E clothes w orn by famous people introduction - people often judge others by the clothes they wear + F a personal view on the im portance of exam ple exam ples of w hen it is right to clothes judge people by the clothes they wear, e.g. at w ork G clothes w orn in different parts of the world other things that indicate what people are like - not clothes but H the kind of clothes you like to w ear ........ behaviour, the way they speak, etc. conclusion - w hy it’s not alw ays © Which of these candidate’s notes about topic areas right to judge people by the clothes for the answer are relevant to the task and which they wear are not? Write Yes or No. A more im portant things than clothes В clothes and advertising С teenage fashions D w hen clothes are im portant E cost of fashionable clothes F clothes and image G work clothes H how fashions start О Now write your answer for the Writing task above, 52) U n iteGrammar Time conjunctions: u n til/b e fo re /w h e n /a fte r Q Make sentences by matching 1-6 with A-F. 1 I w a n t to buy a new c o a t---------- A until I really need one. В before I go out. 2 I c a n ’t w ear th a t sh irt ag ain 1 — С w hen I find one I really like. D w h e n I’ve re p aired it. 3 I’m going to get ch an g ed E after I’ve tried it on. 4 I’ll decide w h e th e r to buy th is or not 5 I can wear this jum per again 6 I’m not going to buy a new suit F u n til I’ve w ash ed it. 0 Correct the underlined words if necessary. Put a tick ( /) above the words if they are correct. 'jjO'U blA^ 1 M ake su re it su its you before y o u ’ll buy it. 2 She w o n ’t b e hap py u n til sh e ’s found so m eth in g new to w ear. 3 W h en I go shopping I d o n ’t like try in g on lots of clothes. 4 W hen people will get a bit older, they change the kind of clothes they wear. 5 A fter I’ve b o u g h t som e new tro u sers, I’m going to go hom e. 6 W h en I’ve p aid for th ese clothes, I w o n ’t have any m oney left. 7 I’m going to keep looking u n til I’m finding so m eth in g I like. 8 You should repair the jum per before th at hole w ill get bigger. 9 W h en I’ve got changed, I’ll be ready to go out. 10 I w o n ’t buy an y clothes u n til I tried th em on. @ Complete the sentences below with the words in the box. I get I’ve worn I’ve chosen I wash I've had I’ve found I’m I've saved I leave I throw I w o n ’t b e able to buy th a t dress u n til . . . I s o m e m oney. W h e n ........................college, I’ll have to buy som e sm art clothes for work. A fte r........................w h ich sh irt to w ear, I’ll get ready to go out. W h e n ....................... a show er, I’ll p u t on my new clothes. I’ll bu y som e n ew sw im m in g tru n k s w h e n ........................ on holiday. T hese new shoes w ill feel m ore com fortable w h e n ................. them a few times. B e fo re ....................... th ese jeans away, I’ll try to re p air them . W h e n ........................th e receipt, I’ll tak e th ese clothes b ack to th e shop. I w o n ’t w ear th is suit a g a in u n t i l ........................m a rrie d n ex t m onth. I’ll check th e in stru c tio n s b e fo re ........................th is ju m p er in th e m achine. Fashion and design (53^)Recording script Unit 1 I Right. So, where did you live previously? Track 2 M I’m from New Zealand. I lived there all my life before 1came to Britain. You w ill hear an interviewer asking a m em ber o f the public for his views on the city. I Oh, really? I haven't met anybody else from your country before. First you have som e time to look at Questions 1-5. You w ill see that M No? Well, there are a few of us here. there is an example that has been done for you. On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first. I OK, perhaps I’ll meet some more while I'm doing this. Now, the next question is 'occupation' - did you say you came here for in te rv ie w e r Hello, we’re conducting a survey about what people work? think of this city. I wonder, would you mind answering a few questions? M Yes, that's right. I’m a lawyer. My firm has sent me here to gain some experience of practising law in an international context. Man I’m in a bit of a hurry. So, I’m here to learn really. I Well, it won't take long, just a couple of minutes of your time ... I Sounds very interesting. M Well, OK, but I haven’t been living here for long, so I might not M Yes, I'm already learning a lot. Things are very different here be able to answer some of your questions. from back at home. I That's not a problem, we're looking for views from a range of I Now, what area of the city are you living in? people. Could I just get a few details first? M I'm in an apartment in Waterfall Road, that’s in Coundon. M OK, I guess. I Oh, OK, let’s see, how's that spelt, C-O-U-N-D-O-N, that's I Well, first of all, which age group do you fit into? 18 to 24, 25 to right, isn’t it? It's O-N at the end, not E-N, isn’t it? 34, 35 to 50? M Yes, that's right. M I’m 28, so that’s the middle one of those, what was it, 25 to 34? I And your postcode, if you can remember it. Just the first part I Yes. will do. M OK, that’s me. M That’s CV26. The man is aged 28 and in the 25 to 34 age group, so 25 to 34 has I OK, thanks. been written in the space. Pause N ow we shall begin. You should answer the questions as you listen as you w ill n o t hear the recording a second time. I Now I want to ask you for your views on various aspects of living here. First of all, public transport. Is the public transport I Hello, we’re conducting a survey about what people think of system adequate for you? this city. I wonder, would you mind answering a few questions? M ' Mm, well, it's hard to say. When I've used it, it’s been fine, but M I'm in a bit of a hurry. I don’t use it all that often. I cycle to work every day and that's usually how I get around in my free time, too. So, I’m not sure I I Well, it won't take long, just a couple of minutes of your time ... can comment really on that particular issue. M Well, OK, but I haven't been living here for long, so I might not I No improvements to suggest then? be able to answer some of your questions. M No, I don’t have enough experience to do that. I That's not a problem, we’re looking for views from a range of people. Could I just get a few details first? I OK, now sports facilities. Do you do much sport? M OK, I guess. M Yes, I do, it’s my main interest outside work and I’ve got no criticisms there. As soon as I arrived 1joined a cricket club - a I Well, first of all, which age group do you fit into? 18 to 24, 25 to friend back home who’d lived here for a while told me about it - 34, 35 to 50. and I’ve made lots of friends there already. M I’m 28, so that's the middle one of those, what was it, 25 to 34? I Apart from that, do you think there are enough facilities? I Yes. M Yes, as far as I can see. I use the public swimming pool regularly, I’ve found some very good tennis courts and the M OK, that’s me. fitness centre is fine, too. I've been able to carry on doing all the sports I'm used to doing at home. I And how long have you been living in this city? I . What about entertainment? Is this adequately provided or is the M I’ve only been here for three weeks and it's my first experience city lacking in something? of this country at all. I've come here to work on a six-month contract. I Right, so it's all pretty new for you? M Yes, I'm still getting used to it. (54) C o m ple te IELTS Bands 5 -6 .5M Well, coming from a pretty small town, I’ve been amazed at psychological factors, and there is considerable evidence that what’s on offer here. There are so many things to choose from a fit and healthy person does their job better than someone in the evenings and at weekends. I don't think I'll have time to who doesn't maintain a good level of health and fitness. If you're go everywhere I’d like to while I’m here. I've already been to emphasising these things at your workplace, you're creating an some excellent restaurants, I've been to the cinema a few times, atmosphere that enables you to get the very best out of your I've been to all sorts of places. There seem to be loads of things people. to do. We're very much hoping that our programme here at the I What about cleanliness and litter? Do you have any views on conference will be both informative and entertaining. The emphasis that? here is going to be not so much on the theory but on the practical side. What can you do in your roles to promote health and fitness in M Well, to be honest, I’ve been pretty surprised about that. Before your workplace? Now, some of you may think you're already doing I came, for some reason I’d had the impression that it would as much as you can, but I promise you that you’re all going to learn be a pretty dirty place, certainly compared with where I’m something new. We’ve got speakers here who are going to tell you from. You know, I was expecting a crowded city with litter and things you’ve never heard before and you should leave here at the rubbish all over the place, and sure there is some litter and it end of the conference with all kinds of ideas for things you can could all be a bit cleaner, but actually it’s not at all bad in that introduce at your workplace. respect. But we’re not going to be just talking to you and telling you things. I OK, now, what about crime and the police force? What are your One of the great things about an event like this is that it’s a great views on that aspect of life in this city? opportunity to share information, so in every session there will be a slot for people to talk about their own practices and experiences. M Well, I haven't been here long enough to form much of a view. What initiatives have worked for you and which ones haven’t been A colleague at work had her car broken into and some things so successful? We can all learn from each other, and that’s one of stolen, and she reported it to the police but there wasn't much the aims of this conference. they could do about it, apart from give her a crime number so that she could claim on her insurance. I don't know how Pause common that sort of thing is here. Nothing’s happened to me so far, that’s all I can say. Perhaps I’ve just been lucky or OK, now let’s move on to some details about the conference and perhaps crime isn't a major problem, I don’t know. But there’s what will be happening where. Let me just briefly take you through crime everywhere, isn’t there, all over the world and in the the map that you've all got in your welcome pack. Right, here on countryside as well as cities. the map, we’ve marked all the sessions that are taking place this morning, and you've already indicated which ones you'll each be I OK, well I've got all the information I need for the survey and attending. For those of you going to the session on Setting Up a I've ticked the right boxes. Thanks for taking the time to answer Fitness Centre at work, you go out of the Main Hall here through the questions. those doors, turn right at reception and go along the corridor to the Taylor Room, which is on your left. You’ll get lots of good advice M No problem. there on the possibilities and costs of a workplace fitness centre. Unit 2 The talk on Healthy Eating Schemes is in the Martin Suite. For that, you need to go out of this hall the other way, through the doors at Track 3 that end, and that takes you straight through to the Martin Suite. If you're keen to introduce healthy eating schemes in your canteens You w ill hear a speaker introducing a conference. First, you have and restaurants, or to improve ones you've already got, you'll get some time to look at Questions 1-10. lots of really good ideas from that session. Pause Now, those of you attending the session on Transport Initiatives, you're in the Fender Room. To get there, you need to go out of N ow listen and answer Questions 1-10. those doors that bring you out opposite reception, turn left and left again into a corridor. The Fender Room is the third door on your Hello, and welcome to the conference. As you know, it's called right. The session will cover everything from how to encourage Health & Fitness in the Workplace, and the name speaks for itself. people to walk or cycle to work to car-sharing schemes. We’re here to discuss issues that can affect employees and of course therefore, the companies and organisations they work for. For those of you who have signed up for the workshop on Running In planning the programme for this conference, we’ve taken into Sports Teams, that will take place in the Gibson Suite. The whole account the answers that you gave us in our questionnaires. Of issue of organising company teams, recruiting people for them, course, some of the issues we cover will be more relevant to some encouraging people to take part in them whatever their sporting of you than to others, but we think we've included all the main ones ability, taking part in competitions - all that will get covered in that you indicated are important to you. the workshop. You'll find that if you go out of here, turn right at reception and then right again. The first door you come to on the Now, the whole subject of health and fitness in the workplace left is the Gibson Suite. is something that didn't get much attention not that many years ago. Companies and organisations focused purely on the jobs Finally, if you need any more information or have any queries while that people were doing, and any assessment of them concerned the conference is going on, you'll find me in the Conference how well they were doing their jobs, and how their work fitted into Coordinator's Office. From here, that’s to the left of Reception and the overall operations of the organisation. Anything that might along the corridor past the Entrance Hall. If you keep going along be regarded as a personal issue wasn't part of the company's the corridor, you'll find my door at the end on your right. Please relationship with its people - it was 'none of their business’. Well, of come and see me if there’s anything you want to ask or find out. course, that's all changed and companies and organisations have come to realise that its peop e's health and fitness are very much OK, let’s get started. I hope that you all enjoy... their business. And that’s not „st in the obvious ways, such as the number of days off sick that e~ p lc. ees have. There are also Recording script (55)Unit 3 j T Yes, that comes across. It would be fascinating to get data on the outcomes of these interactions too, whether the desired Track 4 outcomes were achieved. You will hear a student talking to her tutor about a piece o f work she has done. First, you have som e tim e to look at Questions 1-10. В I know and that would be something I'd love to look at if I knew Pause how to go about it. N ow listen and answer Questions 1-10. Pause T u tor Right, Beth, let’s have a look at your dissertation. Well, I think it's a pretty good piece of work. T Now, looking at the content of your dissertation, I felt your division into sections was the right one, focusing on specific B eth Thanks. types of interaction in these contexts. T Communication Skills in the Workplace. Good choice of topic. В Thanks. В Thanks. T Now, your first section is on Dealing with Complaints. This is an obvious area for something on this subject, but I felt that this T Now, I see that you decided to focus on certain sectors ... section had some really original thinking on your part. В Yes, I felt that jobs involving interaction with the public would В Yes, I tried to ignore the standard points that are usually made be my main area. So obviously, the retail sector had to be in and come up with something fresh, and my research led me in th e re ... those directions. T Sure. But you didn’t just focus on the obvious ones like that, did T The Collaborating with Colleagues section made for interesting you? reading too, but I didn’t feel that your conclusions there were really backed up by the research you did. В No, I wanted to look at a variety of sectors. I felt, for example, that banking would probably lead to the same sort of results as В Oh? I felt that they were. I tried to illustrate everything with retail. examples. Perhaps some weren’t as relevant as others ... T And what about call centres? T Yes, I think that’s right. You made some pretty strong assertions but I wasn’t sure they could be justified by the examples. В Yes, of course that seemed like an obvious place to go initially. But 1decided to spread the focus away from interactions В Oh, OK. But the evidence for my conclusions in the Interacting involving customers and the goods and services they buy. with Managers section was pretty powerful, wasn't it? T Seems sensible. So, that led you to the idea of tourist guides... T Yes, and most of the research in this general area doesn’t focus on this particular issue. I think your conclusions there point to В Yes, that's a very specific area of communication, dealing with something that causes all sorts of trouble in organisations and different nationalities... companies but that isn't given enough attention. T The skills involved in that are very interesting, as you describe В I agree. It’s something that training programmes should be them ... covering, but they don’t. В Yes, and that led me to think about the work of translators and T Now the Giving Instructions section was very well put together, interpreters... I thought... T Well, that might be the starting point for a whole other piece of В Yes, this is one where language accuracy and coherence are work. the main issues... В Yes. T ... and you came to very clear conclusions on that. This is a really effective section, with general points illustrated by lots of T Now, the research you did for this was generally very examples and a conclusion that made logical sense. impressive... Pause В Thanks. T Now, finally, let’s have a quick look at your overall conclusions. T ... though a bit more on the academic research that's been done into this area would have been good. В OK. В Well, I went more for a ‘personal’ approach here, rather than T Now, you've included quite a bit in the main body about Writing rehashing other people’s work or focusing mainly on the Skills but in fact you see Listening Skills as being a much bigger theories about how people communicate. issue. T Yes, and it worked well. It would have been good if you could В Yes, as I say there, people don’t pay enough attention to have filmed people in action and then analysed the videos. what other people say to them and this leads to all kinds of communication problems. В I know, but there were practical issues there. So I settled for watching people in action and making notes on what they were T And the other big issue is Grammatical Accuracy, isn't it? doing, and of course there were the interviews too. В Well, up to a point, but as I say, there are lots of instances T Yes, it’s very interesting to compare what people think they’re where this is less of an issue than Formal Language. When doing with the way they’re actually communicating. I was very people are in situations where this is required, they're often at a struck by that aspect. And your analysis from watchjng people loss and end up not making much sense. in action was very effective, too. T Yes. as you make clear. Well, Beth, this is a good piece of work. В I found it fascinating to do that. Well done. В Thanks. 56) C om plete IELTS Bands 5 -6 .5Unit 4 When you’ve completed the post, add some tags. If you don’t have the kind of software that enables you to build them into the post, Track 5 add them at the bottom. Tags are really important for searchability - they»can get you new readers who find your blog via the tags. You w ill hear an expert giving a talk about blogs and blogging. First, you have some tim e to look at Questions 7-/0. If you think this is a particularly good post and you're really proud of it, announce it by sending links to it on social networking sites, Pause together with a very brief summary of what it's about. N ow listen and answer Questions 1-10. Then check your blog statistics to see how many people are reading and responding to your blog. Find out who’s blogged about OK, I'm going to talk today about blogs and blogging. Though your post and reply to them, and give them a proper reply rather I'm assuming you’re all familiar with what a blog is, let's just start than just saying thanks. with a definition. Perhaps the simplest definition is that a blog is a type of website in the form of a journal of one sort or another. After you’ve done all that, get off your own blog and comment It consists of posts - new material, or entries - that are arranged elsewhere. Remember that you’re not the only person blogging and in chronological order, with the most recent post at the top of the putting out new material - there are lots of others doing the same page. and you should show them some respect by giving them comments and feedback on their posts where you feel it's appropriate. Now, what are the typical characteristics of a blog? Well, blogs are usually written by one person, they are usually updated Well, that's just some advice on being a good blogger. Blogging’s regularly and they are often, though by no means always, about obviously a major thing now in the world of electronic media and one particular topic. That topic might be the blogger’s own life, as it's anybody's guess how it will develop in the future. many blogs are personal diaries. But there are blogs on just about any topic you could think of - there are political blogs, news blogs, Unit 5 blogs about a particular hobby, etc., etc. Track 6 Now, most blogs are not monologues, because they allow readers to make their own comments on what appears in the blog, or to You will hear a man who is interested in doing voluntary work add their own information to it. In this way, people get into contact connected with the environment talking to a woman who works for with each other, learning from each other, sharing ideas, perhaps an organisation that runs environmental projects. First, you have making friends or even doing business with each other, wherever som e tim e to loo k a t Questions 1-10. they are in the world. Pause Although blogs are very much part of modern life and there are literally millions of blogs on the web, the history of blogging is a N o w listen and answer Questions 1-10. pretty short one. There is some disagreement over what the first blog was, but many people reckon it was an online diary started H annah Hello, how can I help you? by a student called Justin Hall in 1994. His site was called Justin's Hom e Page, and he later called it Links From The Underground. Ryan Well, I’ve come in because I want to volunteer for one of your environmental projects. I read something about At that point, the word ’blog’ didn't exist. More websites like your organisation in the paper a few days ago and I his started to spring up, in the form of regularly updated online thought I’d like to get involved. journals on various subjects, with links to other websites and forums for people to contribute their personal opinions. H OK, that sounds good. What's your name? In 1997, someone called Jorn Barger first used the term ‘web log' to R Ryan. categorise this kind of website, when he launched his own website, R obot Wisdom. In 1999, a blogger called Peter Merholz jokingly H OK, Ryan, thanks for coming in. I’m Hannah. Now, let me start broke this word up into ‘we blog’ and therefore invented the term by telling you something about our organisation and then we ‘blog’. Pretty soon, everyone called the sites ‘blogs' and the people can have a look at a few projects that might interest you, after writing them 'bloggers'. I've found out a bit about you. Pause R Fine. OK, now let’s move on to how to run a blog, and what I’m going to H Right, well as you know, we’re called The Volunteer A gency do now is to tell you what I think is the best approach to workflow and that pretty well explains what we do. We recruit people with a blog. First of all, you need to decide on the frequency of your for a wide range of projects. A lot of our work concerns blog posts. Some people do several a day, which is great if you environmental projects and at the moment we’ve got 130,000 can keep it up, others one a day. Once a week might be enough, volunteers working on these projects. but the key question is what the readers of your blog expect. They need to know when they can expect to see a new post on the blog, R What sort of environmental projects are they? so whatever schedule you decide on, it's important to stick to it. H Well, for example, if you wanted to go abroad, one of our big When you're going to do a post, start by reading material to find projects involves gathering information that is used for the out what's being discussed in friends' blogs, or in other blogs protection of marine and forest environments. Volunteers on related to the topic of yours. That way you can take these things that do diving or collect biodiversity data on tropical rainforest into account to ensure that your blog is bang up to date. species. Then start composing your blog post. If you’re doing one that R Sounds exciting. But I think I’d rather stay here, at least to start involves research and links, open a file for storing the sources of off with. your information and the links you’re going to put in the post. Also consider using pictures. These can make your blog much more H OK. Well, here in our own country we’ve got a big project attractive than one that’s just text. If you use photos from the web, aimed at clearing up litter in rural areas. The aim of this is to make sure you cite the source in your blog. get everyone involved in making sure their local environment is clean and tidy. Recording script (57R Yes, I’ve seen adverts for that. j H OK, look, I'll give you some leaflets and contact information, and you can have a think about it all. H Another project involves looking after the National Cycle network, keeping the routes safe and attractive for cyclists. R That sounds like a good idea. Thanks. This is part of a bigger scheme concerned with developing sustainable transport systems all across the country. Unite R Interesting... Track 7 H Now, if you want to do something in the city, rather than the You w ill hear a m anager in a m useum talking to the sta ff about countryside, within cities we also have the City Farms projects, machines that are going to be p u t into the building. First, you have which involve working with people, plants and animals. some tim e to loo k at Questions 1-10. R Oh, what are those? Are they real farms? Flow do they work? Pause H Well, yes, they’re real farms and they’re an example of a project N ow listen and answer Questions 1-10. that relies almost entirely on volunteers. On other projects, you might be working alongside salaried people, but with these, OK, now what we need to discuss next is vending machines. Now almost everyone is unpaid. In fact, many of our projects have that the building has been completely refurbished, and we’re going very few, if any, paid staff. to be reopening, we should think of what kind of machines we need. These have two functions, of course - they provide services R Yes, that’s what I thought. for visitors and they raise money. Every time someone buys something from the machine, we raise a little more money. H Well, do any of these things sound particularly appealing to you? Well, first of all a cash machine seems like a good idea, so that people can get some money to spend while they’re in the building, R Well, as I say, I wasn’t thinking of going abroad, and I’m not sure and this will help to keep down queues in the gift shop if everyone that any of those is exactly the sort of thing I'm really looking is paying with cards. That can go in the entrance hall - we thought for. Sorry! about putting it in on the front wall outside the building but decided against that. H That’s OK, there are lots more things I can tell you about. I’m sure we’ll find a project that’s right up your street. Now, we've also decided to install a ticket machine for the individual exhibitions in the various parts of the building. This will R Yes, I hope so. take some pressure off the ticket office and reduce the number of people hanging about in the entrance hall. It’ll be a simple device - H OK, well, let's have a look at a few other possibilities. you select the exhibition and then pay for it in cash or by card and it'll be right next to the reception desk, with a sign above it so that Pause people can clearly see it when they arrive. H Right, well one thing that might suit you is a scheme called Now the next machine lots of people might not approve of - a W ildlife Link. There are 47 branches of this around the country, games machine for children to use. I know that this might not seem with over 24,000 active volunteers, and it's involved in all like the right sort of thing to have in a museum, but a constant aspects of nature conservation. Its aim is to protect wildlife complaint we get from visitors is that their visit is spoiled by the in all habitats across the country. Things you can do there sound of bored children running around the corridors and shouting include looking after nature reserves, taking part in community and generally disturbing the atmosphere. If we put a couple of gardening and carrying out surveys of wildlife species. Tell me, these in the Visitor Centre, well away from the Exhibition Flails, it’ll are you keen to be outdoors? keep some of them occupied. R Yes, I am, and that does sound like the sort of thing I might be Then there's the question of a drinks machine. Well, we want as really interested in. many people as possible to buy our own food and drink in the cafeteria and restaurant, but at the same time visitors will want H OK. Well, here’s another project that you might like the sound something to drink when they're going round the museum and are of. This one's aimed at young people. not near to either of those places. We thought a good place for this would be by the lifts on the first floor as people go up and down R Right, tell me about that one. from one exhibition to another and, of course, that’s also right at the top of the stairs. H It's called Wildlife Watch, and involves organising groups for young people, getting them to explore and learn about their Pause local environment. There are over 300 groups and around 150.000 members of those groups. As well as running those Now, the last thing is the drinks machine that we're putting in groups and going out with them, there is a need for volunteers the staff room. As you’ll be using this brand new state-of-the-art with administrative skills. Is that the sort of thing you might machine pretty frequently, I thought I’d just run through with you fancy? how it works. So, here on the screen I've put up a picture of it and I’ll just tell you all how it works. Well, it’s pretty big and you may be R Maybe, but I think I'd probably prefer to be more hands-on, surprised to hear that it can store as many as 495 drinks products, doing physical work. so there'll be plenty to choose from and it won’t need refilling too regularly. H OK. Well, then the organisation called A ction Earth might be the one for you. They've got a total of 908 projects, involving over Right, well, it’s got a glass front here and behind it all the drinks, of 18.000 volunteers. They do all sorts of things, from planting course. The drinks come in bottles and cans and they’re, of course, trees to constructing fences and walls and collecting litter, their refrigerated. Now this machine has an interesting feature that I'm aim being to improve the local environment in all sort»of ways. sure will entertain you all. When you’ve chosen and paid for your Flow does that sound? drink, there's a special rapid pick-up mechanism that grabs your dr \"k and places it into the receiver, here, which is illuminated. So R I might well be interested in that. you can see your drink even if it’s dark in here. And that's not all. ® C om plete IELTS Bands 5 -6 .5Through the glass front you can actually see the mechanism M Well, it didn't work out too well. I kept asking for them back and working - there's a visible moving arm that gets and delivers the they kept saying they hadn't had time to do them or hadn’t quite drink and you can see that happening. Now, that's not just to make finished them, and eventually one or two of them admitted that the machine interesting to look at while you’re buying a drink, it's thay were having trouble knowing what to put. got a serious advantage too. What it does is to quickly and safely move the drink without it being shaken at all. So it won't bubble up J Oh, why’s that? or spill when you open it. M They just couldn't analyse their friendships in that 'cold' way, Now to the business of how you buy a drink. How it works is that on paper, in nice, neat little paragraphs or by ticking boxes. I you choose the drink you want from the menu here and then type realised then that they all felt that way, so I had to abandon that in the code for that drink - you’ll see the code in front of each approach. drink. Then the price of the drink will be displayed here and you pay for it. You can do that with coins or by card. And you can order J What did you do instead? up to ten products at a time, for example, if you're getting drinks for a group of visitors or colleagues. M Personal interviews. I adapted my questionnaire and sat down with each person and talked to them. I got them to agree to my So, as I say, it's the very latest in drinks machine technology and I recording these interviews - that way I could focus on the way hope you’ll all be pleased to have it. the interview went rather than having to write notes all the time - and then I went through the recordings. Right, next I'm going to move on to talk about... J And that worked out well? Unit 7 M Yes, I got all the information I needed. It was a small sample, as Track 8 I say, but it was possible to get some general conclusions from You w ill hear two students talking about a presentation that one o f them about their lifelong friendships. them is going to give. First, you have som e time to look at Questions 1- 10. J And then you compared this with research data? Pause M Yes, there’s not a lot of that, but I managed to locate some N ow listen and answer Questions 1-10. academic research in the area. Ja ck Hi Maya, how are you getting on with your presentation? J And how did that compare with your findings? M aya Oh, hi Jack. It’s going really well after a slow start. M Remarkably similar actually, so my sample proved to be pretty representative. There were one or two disparities here and J What’s it about again? there, but in general the research I was able to locate pretty much confirmed what I found myself. M Well, the general topic area is Human Relationships and we had to choose a specific area within that. Pause J So, what have you chosen? J Now, when you do your presentation, how have you organised it? M Lifelong Friendships. M Well, obviously I’ve given that a lot of thought, and the various J Interesting. What led you to choose that? stages of the presentation are linked to the aspects I focused on when I was talking to my subjects. So, obviously, I start with M Well, it occurred to me that there’s been a lot of research on how the friendship was first formed, for example, how old the how people form friendships, and even more on marriage and people were, where they met, how they met, that kind of thing. partnerships, but there's not much on this particular topic. So, I thought I could do something a bit different by focusing on this J How will you present that? particular aspect. M I’ve created a table, with the various headings and the J Sounds like a good idea. How have you been doing your percentages of my subjects whose friendships started in the research? various ways. M Well, mainly by personal contact. I realised that my parents have J OK, what comes next? a number of lifelong friends, and of course, I’ve known them for years, so I thought I’d start off by seeing what they had to say. M Well, I've looked at the effects on the friendship of various developments in the friends’ lives. The first category I’ve called J Sounds reasonable, but that’s only a very small sample, isn’t it? ‘Change of Location’, and that deals with what happens in the friendship if one or other of the friends goes to live somewhere M Yes, but I thought I’d collate the results from that small sample else. so that I could compare them with more general conclusions from research in the area. J What about if they don’t change the place where they live but go to work or study somewhere else? J Good idea. How did you get on when you tried to get information from your subjects? M Well, that’s included in my data in that category, in a couple of separate tables. M Well, I started off by giving them a questionnaire. I spent quite some time working that out, deciding what aspects of their J What then? friendships I wanted them to focus on and then I handed it out to them. M OK, well then, I’ve looked at what happens to the friendship when one or both of the friends get married. I got the subjects J And? to say simply whether marriage meant that friendships got less close, closer or stayed much the same. Recording script (59J How have you presented that data? To start with, the cloth for both of them was a mixture of things. By the 18th century, however, it was made completely from cotton. M That's a pie chart. And it was dark blue because it was dyed with indigo, which was taken from plants in the Americas and India. Denim and jean J OK. What other aspects of the friendship have you focused on? remained two very different fabrics and by the late 19th century it was denim that had emerged as the most popular and widely worn. M Well, the next one concerns 'Personality'. I asked people to tick Denim was used for workers’ clothes, for example, those worn by boxes for their friend’s personality when they first met, and then workers on plantations, because it was very strong and it lasted for how they would describe the same person now. a long time. Jean was used for lighter clothes. Eventually of course, the word ‘jeans’ would come to be used for clothes made from J How did you compare the answers there? denim, but that’s much later. M Yea, that was tricky to work out. I looked for patterns of A key event in the history of jeans was the 1848 Gold Rush, when change. One finding from that was that many people who were gold was found in California and thousands of gold miners rushed described as 'relaxed' at the beginning of the friendship got there to find it and make their fortunes. They wanted clothes that categorised as ‘stressed’ right now. So, for the presentation, I were strong and didn't tear easily. Enter a man called Strauss. picked out the most extreme changes that I found, not every He moved to California from New York and started a business single change. supplying work clothes. His first name was Leob, that’s L-E-O-B. Later, he changed it to Levi. J Sounds interesting. Any other categories? Now, the miners in California were experiencing a problem with M Yes, two more. I thought it would be interesting to compare their work clothes. The pockets tore away from them very easily; how much people had in common in terms of political opinions they just weren’t strong enough or well enough attached. In 1872, as their friendship progressed over the years. Did they both a man called Jacob Davis wrote to Strauss about an idea he'd had. change them, or did one person change and if so, did this cause tension or disagreement between them? I've constructed This was for metal rivets to hold the pockets and the rest of the another pie chart for that. garment together, and he offered Strauss a deal to use this idea in the clothes he was supplying. Strauss accepted the offer and J And the other category? started to make work clothes with these metal fasteners, made of copper. They weren't called jeans at this time, that term didn’t come M Yes, I thought another key area concerned what the people into being until the 1960s - they were sold as ‘waist overalls' and have in common and whether they continue to have those made with denim. things in common. I’ve categorised this as 'Shared Interests', and I've looked at any changes that tend to happen over the In 1886, Strauss added another feature to these clothes, a leather years. One thing I found, for example, was that men’s shared label. To emphasize how strong the garments were, this showed passion for certain sports doesn't change at all over the years, a pair of these trousers being pulled between two horses. The whereas their musical tastes do. message was that they were so strong that even this could not cause them to tear. By the 1920s, because of their reputation for J All sounds great. I’m sure it’ll go well when you do the toughness, Strauss’s waist overalls were the most widely used presentation. workers' trousers in the U.S. M Thanks. I hope so. Now, up until the 1930s, jeans were purely and simply work clothes. But Hollywood changed all that and they made the journey Unit 8 to being fashion items. The roots of this lie in the cowboy movies of the 1930s. Cowboys often wore jeans in these movies, and Track 9 American men wanted to dress like them in their free time. At this point, jeans are a wholly American thing. You will hear p a rt o f a lecture a bout the history o fjeans. First, you have some time to look at Questions 1-10. The Second World War in the 1940s took them abroad, as Pause American soldiers wore them when they were off duty. This N ow listen and answer Questions 1-10. introduced them to the wider world. But their real popularity as a fashion item really starts in the 1950s, when they caught on with OK, today we’re looking at contemporary fashion 'icons' as part young people. This was because they became the symbol of the of the module on the history and development of fashion. And teenage rebel. This completely new type of young person emerged perhaps the best place to start with this is with a garment that in American films and TV programmes that were enormously everybody in the world knows about and either wears or has worn popular with teenagers. Teenagers didn’t call the clothes ‘waist -jeans. overalls', they gave them a new name - 'jean pants'. And pretty soon, this got abbreviated to jeans. Now, of course, jeans are often synonymous with the word 'denim', for the material they're made from. Where do both these terms In the 1960s, jeans were the standard kind of trousers worn by come from? Well, there isn’t universal agreement on either of these students in Western countries and they were the top fashion item. things, but the story begins in Europe in the 1500s. The general Young people adapted them in all sorts of ways, turning them into belief is that the word 'jeans’ comes from Genoa in Italy, where embroidered jeans by sewing brightly coloured designs on to them, sailors wore clothes made from a material called jean. and all sorts of styles emerged, one of the main ones being flared jeans, with bottoms that got wider and wider as they went down. The word ‘denim’ is generally considered to come from France at roughly the same time. It is thought to have evolved from 'serge de Right, now I’m going to move on to look at what jeans symbolised Nlmes', a kind of material produced in the French town of Nimes. both in Western countries and in non-Western countries at that These two fabrics were different in important ways. Denim was time. But first of all, does anyone have any questions? stronger and more expensive than jean. And denim wasSvoven with one coloured thread and one white thread, while jean was woven with two coloured threads. © C om plete IELTS Bands 5 -6 .5Answer key Unit 1 The highest category of people- in all three ^ears was those with secondary education. This figure fell slightly over the three '(ears, Listening from (*5% in 2002 to Ы% in 2.oo(* and 54% in 2-000. Ob However, the figures in the other categories changed significantly Exam tasks There was a sharp rise in the percentage of people with primary or I three / 3 w eeks 2 New Zealand 3 lawyer 4 Coundon lower education, from 18%in 2002 to ?2% in 2008. This figure onty 5 CV26 6 B 7 С 8 В 9 A 10 С rose Ц i% in 200U> but in 2008 it rose considerably Vocabulary The opposite happened with the figures for people who had received О 1 problem 2 trouble 3 problem 4 trouble 5 problem higher education, which rose slightly in 200(* but then fell veq sharply to 4% in 2008. Q 1 effect 2 affect 3 affected 4 effects 5 affects / has The general trend, therefore, was that the proportion of people affected with higher education who planned to leave the country fell sharply while the proportion of people with primary and lower education © 2 percentage 3 percentage 4 percent 5 percent rose sharply The percentage of people with secondary education 6 percent remained much the same and it remained b^ far the highest percentage. © 2 Adjusting 3 process 4 stages 5 matters 10 6 accustomed 7 evidence 8 customs 9 sense Grammar seek О 2 more dem anding 3 harder 4 The most difficult Reading 5 the most tiring 6 the friendliest 7 less stressed Ob 8 further 9 more exp en sive 10 w orse 11 bigger 12 faster 1 13 busier 14 the m ost exciting Exam tasks 15 more regularly I T 2 NG 3 F 4 F 5 NG 6 T Q 2 more expensive; less expensive / cheaper 3 the 7 see life 8 fear 9 (a) cultural clash 10 m obility II cross-cultural kids / CCKs 12 diversity and identity oldest; younger 4 better; w orse 5 more slowly; faster / 13 shared experience more quickly 6 the most difficult; more difficult Writing Unit 2 О В: The chart sh ow s what Bulgarians intended to do in Reading 2001 and 2006. It show s how m any did not intend to Ob leave Bulgaria and the intentions of the people who were planning to leave. Exam tasks 12 C / E 13 E / C Not A: only som e of the statistics concern em igration 2 iv 3 ix 4 i 5 v iii 6 v 7 ii and so emigration is not the m ain topic. 8 A / E 9 E/ A 10B/E 11E/B Not C: m ost of the people in the chart were not planning Listening to leave Bulgaria and so the m ain topic is not differences Oa in the reasons why people left in those two years. Exam tasks 0 1 stay in Bulgaria 1A 2 В 3B 4 A 5 С 2 No intention to travel/stay abroad; Live abroad for a 6 D 7 H 8 F 9 A 10 С short time Vocabulary 3 Live abroad for a short tim e О 2 criticised 3 irregular 4 sunny 5 Daily 4 It stayed the sam e. 6 appearance 7 happiness 8 inactive 5 Tourists/guests/visitors; Work abroad then return 0 2 dramatically 3 sim plify 4 runners 5 surprising © 1 No 2 Yes 3 Yes 4 No 5 Yes 6 No 6 unexpected О MODEL ANSWER The chart shows that there were changes in the level of education Answer key (б?) of Bulgarians who planned to leave their country over the period 2002 to 2008.© Across: 3 avoid 4 techniques 5 stall 8 locally © 2 equipment; / 3 advice; / 4 damage; health 5 / ; / Down: 1 likely 2 artificial 6 luxury 7 yields 6 software; / 7 / ; ways 8 / ; problems Writing Unit 3 © A: both v iew s are d iscu ssed and a firm conclusion is Listening given Qc Not B: only one view is d iscu ssed (being healthy and fit) Exam tasks Not C: only one view is d iscu ssed (being unhealthy and unfit) 1 A / D 2 D / A 3 C / D 4 D / C 5F 6A 7C 8D 9 L /listen in g S /sk ills 10 F/form al L /language © 2 lead 3 stay 4 do 5 work 6 take 7 cut 8 m ake 9 go 10 lose Vocabulary О 2 extracts 3 findings 4 structure 5 weaknesses © 2 As a result 3 On the other hand 4 Another 5 also 6 In fact 7 in particular 6 assessm ent 7 evaluation 8 features © MODEL ANSWER © 2 / 3 / 4 find out 5 know 6 study 7 / 8 / ; / One- of the big issues in some parts of the world ioda'i is that of © 2 native 3 less 4 find 5 longer 6 diet 7 inclusion unhealth'j lifestyles and the effects that unhealthy lifestyles have on 8 matters people and society. This is not just a personal issue, it's also a social and medical one. Reading fo r a lot of people, it's easy to have an unhealthy lifestyle. They spend 0 The fourth and fifth paragraphs most of their time sitting at desks at work. In fact, this has become more and more true of people over time, becausejobs that involved Exam tasks physical movement have been replaced byjobs involving computers. 1 NG 2 Yes 3 No 4 Yes Another reason is that they use their cars for everyjourney instead 5D 6E 7В 8H 9С of waiting sometimes, bo they get very little ew-rcise, and this is very 10 С 11 A 12 D 13 С 14 В bad for them. And many people, in particular young people, spend a lot of their free time sitting down and looting at screens. They watch Grammar movies or play computer games all the time, instead of going out and doing sport and taking exercise. Food is another issue. Nowadays, О 2 has given 3 ’ve / have b een looking; h aven’t found many people eatjunk food all the time and this is very bad for you. 4 h aven’t studied 5 w as; left; didn’t have People are very aware of this issue and they want to stay fit and 6 ’ve / have been working 7 made; wrote healthy. In most places, it's not difficult to do this. There are gyms 8 ’ve / have put and fitness centres where people can go, and lots of people do this. In addition, there is a lot of information about what to eat and it's not © 2 from; to 3 In; to 4 by 5 Over; in 6 Betw een; of; in difficult or expensive to eat healthy food. The whole subject gets a lot 7 from; to; during / over / in 8 at; in of publicity in the media. As a result of all this, many people find it easy to stay fit and healthy. Writing In conclusion, it's very easy for a lot of people to have unhealthy Oa lifestyles and this can cause medical problems because they can eventually require some kind of medical treatment, which puts more © 1 higher-talking 2 45 m illion 3 36 m onths 4 500; 1100 pressure on the medical profession. On the other hand, it's not at all 5 22 m onths 6 lowest-talking difficult for people to avoid these problems by taking regular exercise and eating healthy food. ©A Grammar О MODEL ANSWER О 2 information 3 jobs 4 research 5 suggestions The table shows changes in the percentages of people who 6 groups 7 equipment 8 knowledge 9 ways considered that various communication skills were essential in 10 work their jobs between iW and WOit. The skills were divided into two categories: external (with people outside the company) and internal. © 2 great 3 a lot of 4 a w ide 5 num ber 6 Fe

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